托福阅读之略读、扫读技巧介绍

 　　作为toefl 考试的第一个难关---Reading, 一直是中国考生”听说读写”里最擅长，同时又是最容易失分的。所以这篇里边主要介绍下在做Reading题目的两个首要techniques, 也就是scanning and skimming.

　　作为First step的Scanning主要是根据key words定位到文章中某一句或某一个词。而另外一个尤其重要的second step: skimming则需要可以跳着读。最直接的一个要求就是要找到连接词conj. words. 1st, Reading里最高频的And but以及这两词语的同义词; 2nd, because，so that表示原因结果的词语; 3rd, 做timing的词语,ago, 1989, then, etc; Last but not least, 像你现在读的这句话里边用到的 1st, 2nd, last 这些让你整个人看文章舒服很多的词汇。这样做的目的就是化繁为简，把一段1000字左右的话simplify为仅10个字不到的框架，了解到段落的main idea和大致结构，更重要的是可以把scanning出的key words 所在的意思和question里边要找的essential information意思和作用分析出来。Let’s take this paragraph as an example:

　　The majorityof three-dimensional representations, whether standing¹, seated, or kneeling,exhibit what is called frontality: they face straight ahead, neither twistingnor turning. When such statues are viewed in isolation², out of their originalcontext and without knowledge of their function, it is easy to criticize themfor their rigid³ attitudes that remained unchanged for three thousand years.Frontality is, however, directly related to the functions of Egyptian statuaryand the contexts in which the statues were set up. Statues were created not fortheir decorative⁴ effect but to play a primary role in the cults⁵ of the gods,the king, and the dead. They were designed to be put in places where thesebeings could manifest themselves in order to be the recipients⁷ of ritualactions. Thus it made sense to show the statue looking ahead at what washappening in front of it, so that the living performer of the ritual couldinteract with the divine or deceased recipient⁶. Very often such statues wereenclosed in rectangular shrines⁸ or wall niches⁹ whose only opening was at thefront, making it natural for the statue to display frontality. Other statueswere designed to be placed within an architectural setting, for instance, infront of the monumental entrance gateways¹⁰ to temples known as pylons¹¹, or inpillared courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars: theirfrontality worked perfectly¹² within the architectural context.

　　我猜很多人应该没耐心把这么长一段从头到尾看一遍吧，就算是现在spare times，let alone考试的时候时间那么紧张，更会觉得puzzled andconfused. So let’s make life easier. 看下下边highlight的部分：

　　The majority of three-dimensional representations, whetherstanding, seated, or kneeling, exhibit what is called frontality: they facestraight ahead, neither twisting nor turning. When such statues areviewed in isolation, out of their original context and without knowledge oftheir function, it is easy to criticize them for their rigid attitudes thatremained unchanged for three thousand years. Frontality is, however,directly related to the functions of Egyptian statuary and the contexts inwhich the statues were set up. Statues were created not for their decorativeeffect but to play a primary role in the cults of the gods, the king,and the dead. They were designed to be put in places where these beings couldmanifest themselves in order to be the recipients of ritualactions. Thus it made sense to show the statue looking ahead at whatwas happening in front of it, so that the living performer of theritual could interact with the divine or deceased recipient. Very often suchstatues were enclosed in rectangular shrines or wall niches whose only openingwas at the front, making it natural for the statue to displayfrontality. Other statues were designed to be placed within anarchitectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumental entrancegateways to temples known as pylons, or in pillared courts, where they would beplaced against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within thearchitectural context.

　　What about now?从这几个词语应该是可以快速整理出这一段的几处转折的地方，讲了哪几个方面，以及哪个部分author写的比较多点吧。接着就可以对照options，选出那个给你加分的正确选项。

　　另外给两类同学大概做个Plan list: 一般有3个月时间备考的孩纸们大概有这么三个stages：Stage 1 tpo你自己挑个的吉祥数字 比如tpo 6 8,whatever you like, 基本一周一篇的节奏，找到每篇里的这个conj. Words; Stage2 TPO 18 19 20 21 这几篇是难度较大的篇幅, 和题目对照着开始着手做题; Stage 3 TPO 33 34 这几篇开始限时训练。对于备考1个月的孩纸: 直接从TPO 18 19 30 21这几个重点篇章开始，最后一段时间就是TPO 30及以后的限时训练。

　　All in all, 记住常见的几个套路词：but 转折词; cause 原因词; for instance 例子词; long long ago 时间词, etc. 眼熟这些词，把一段文章从头到尾skimming出这些词，同时也就是1-2min内把paragraph的主干理出来了。按时完成task，养成习惯，you’re not afraid then, besides, 做题速度也会蹭蹭的提高,而且准确率也刷刷的变高。

 

1 standing   

n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的

参考例句：

• After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
• They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。

2 isolation   

n.隔离，孤立，分解，分离

参考例句：

• The millionaire lived in complete isolation from the outside world.这位富翁过着与世隔绝的生活。
• He retired and lived in relative isolation.他退休后，生活比较孤寂。

3 rigid   

adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的

参考例句：

• She became as rigid as adamant.她变得如顽石般的固执。
• The examination was so rigid that nearly all aspirants were ruled out.考试很严，几乎所有的考生都被淘汰了。

4 decorative   

adj.装饰的，可作装饰的

参考例句：

• This ware is suitable for decorative purpose but unsuitable for utility.这种器皿中看不中用。
• The style is ornate and highly decorative.这种风格很华丽，而且装饰效果很好。

5 cults   

n.迷信( cult的名词复数 )；狂热的崇拜；（有极端宗教信仰的）异教团体

参考例句：

• Religious cults and priesthoods are sectarian by nature. 宗教崇拜和僧侣界天然就有派性。 来自辞典例句
• All these religions were flourishing side by side with many less prominent cults. 所有这些宗教和许多次要的教派一起，共同繁荣。 来自英汉非文学 - 历史

6 recipient   

a.接受的,感受性强的 n.接受者,感受者,容器

参考例句：

• Please check that you have a valid email certificate for each recipient. 请检查是否对每个接收者都有有效的电子邮件证书。
• Colombia is the biggest U . S aid recipient in Latin America. 哥伦比亚是美国在拉丁美洲最大的援助对象。

7 recipients   

adj.接受的；受领的；容纳的；愿意接受的n.收件人；接受者；受领者；接受器

参考例句：

• The recipients of the prizes had their names printed in the paper. 获奖者的姓名登在报上。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The recipients of prizes had their names printed in the paper. 获奖者名单登在报上。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》

8 shrines   

圣地，圣坛，神圣场所( shrine的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• All three structures dated to the third century and were tentatively identified as shrines. 这3座建筑都建于3 世纪，并且初步鉴定为神庙。
• Their palaces and their shrines are tombs. 它们的宫殿和神殿成了墓穴。

9 niches   

壁龛( niche的名词复数 )； 合适的位置[工作等]； （产品的）商机； 生态位（一个生物所占据的生境的最小单位）

参考例句：

• Some larvae extend the galleries to form niches. 许多幼虫将坑道延伸扩大成壁龛。
• In his view differences in adaptation are insufficient to create niches commensurate in number and kind. 按照他的观点，适应的差异不足以在数量上和种类上形成同量的小生境。

10 gateways   

n.网关( gateway的名词复数 )；门径；方法；大门口

参考例句：

• Police bullets raked the gateways car. 警察的子弹对着门口的汽车扫射。 来自辞典例句
• No Internet gateways are needed for the programs operation. 该软件的操作不需要互联网网关的支持。 来自互联网

11 pylons   

n.（架高压输电线的）电缆塔( pylon的名词复数 )；挂架

参考例句：

• A-form pylons are designed to withstand earthquake forces. A型框架式塔架设计中考虑塔架能够经受地震力的作用。 来自辞典例句
• Who designed the arch bridge with granite-faced pylons at either end? 谁设计在拱桥两端镶有花岗岩的塔门？ 来自互联网

12 perfectly   

adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地

参考例句：

• The witnesses were each perfectly certain of what they said.证人们个个对自己所说的话十分肯定。
• Everything that we're doing is all perfectly above board.我们做的每件事情都是光明正大的。