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Halloween has always been a holiday filled with mystery, magic and superstition1. It began as a Celtic end-of-summer festival during which people felt especially close to deceased relatives and friends. For these friendly spirits, they set places at the dinner table, left treats on doorsteps and along the side of the road and lit candles to help loved ones find their way back to the spirit world.
Today's Halloween ghosts are often depicted2 as more fearsome and malevolent3, and our customs and superstitions4 are scarier too. We avoid crossing paths with black cats, afraid that they might bring us bad luck. This idea has its roots in the Middle Ages, when many people believed that witches avoided detection by turning themselves into cats. We try not to walk under ladders for the same reason. This superstition may have come from the ancient Egyptians, who believed that triangles were sacred; it also may have something to do with the fact that walking under a leaning ladder tends to be fairly unsafe. And around Halloween, especially, we try to avoid breaking mirrors, stepping on cracks in the road or spilling salt.
But what about the Halloween traditions and beliefs that today's trick-or-treaters have forgotten all about? Many of these obsolete5 rituals focused on the future instead of the past and the living instead of the dead. In particular, many had to do with helping6 young women identify their future husbands and reassuring7 them that they would someday--with luck, by next Halloween!--be married.
In 18th-century Ireland, a matchmaking cook might bury a ring in her mashed8 potatoes on Halloween night, hoping to bring true love to the diner who found it. In Scotland, fortune-tellers recommended that an eligible9 young woman name a hazelnut for each of her suitors and then toss the nuts into the fireplace. The nut that burned to ashes rather than popping or exploding, the story went, represented the girl's future husband. (In some versions of this legend, confusingly, the opposite was true: The nut that burned away symbolized10 a love that would not last.) Another tale had it that if a young woman ate a sugary concoction11 made out of walnuts12, hazelnuts and nutmeg before bed on Halloween night, she would dream about her future husband. Young women tossed apple-peels over their shoulders, hoping that the peels would fall on the floor in the shape of their future husbands' initials; tried to learn about their futures13 by peering at egg yolks floating in a bowl of water; and stood in front of mirrors in darkened rooms, holding candles and looking over their shoulders for their husbands' faces.
Other rituals were more competitive. At some Halloween parties, the first guest to find a burr on a chestnut-hunt would be the first to marry; at others, the first successful apple-bobber would be the first down the aisle14.
Of course, whether we're asking for romantic advice or trying to avoid seven years of bad luck, each one of these Halloween superstitions relies on the good will of the very same "spirits" whose presence the early Celts felt so keenly. Ours is not such a different holiday after all!
点击收听单词发音
1 superstition | |
n.迷信,迷信行为 | |
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2 depicted | |
描绘,描画( depict的过去式和过去分词 ); 描述 | |
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3 malevolent | |
adj.有恶意的,恶毒的 | |
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4 superstitions | |
迷信,迷信行为( superstition的名词复数 ) | |
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5 obsolete | |
adj.已废弃的,过时的 | |
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6 helping | |
n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的,辅助的 | |
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7 reassuring | |
a.使人消除恐惧和疑虑的,使人放心的 | |
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8 mashed | |
a.捣烂的 | |
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9 eligible | |
adj.有条件被选中的;(尤指婚姻等)合适(意)的 | |
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10 symbolized | |
v.象征,作为…的象征( symbolize的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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11 concoction | |
n.调配(物);谎言 | |
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12 walnuts | |
胡桃(树)( walnut的名词复数 ); 胡桃木 | |
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13 futures | |
n.期货,期货交易 | |
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14 aisle | |
n.(教堂、教室、戏院等里的)过道,通道 | |
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