雅思阅读定位词的出现形式

 雅思阅读考试的目的是考察考生通过学术话题文章的阅读定位所需信息，理解、掌握并获取知识的能力，而其中定位词扮演着至关重要的角色。朗阁海外考试研究中心发现有很多考生抱怨说“题目特点和解题技巧都很清楚，定位词也能找准，可就是定位不到题目在文章中对应内容的位置”。其实这源于考生还是没有真正了解雅思；雅思考试以4、6级词汇为基础，不存在难点，但其狡猾之处就在于它的词汇会变形，孙悟空有72变，八戒36变，女大有18变,而雅思定位词当然也会“36变”。考生若没有抓住雅思阅读考试的这一特点，便休想定位到题目在文章中对应内容的位置。下面，将结合雅思真题来介绍一下雅思阅读中定位词是如何“36变”的。 

　　★ 雅思定位词在文章中出现的第一种也是最常见的一种变身是“同义替换”，这包含同义词或同义词组。 

　　剑6，Test4的Q9：Kim Schaefer’s marketing¹ technique may be open to criticism on moral grounds。题目中定位词为moral，在文章中定位，我们会在文章第三段中定位到“Selling pharmaceuticals² is a daily exercise in ethical³ judgment”，而其中ethical即为moral的同义词。 

　　剑4，Test3的Q9：Any street child can set up their own small business if given enough support.此判断题中定位词实际上是词组“set up their own small business ”，在文章中定位，我们会在文章中“Lessons learned” 的部分中定位到“Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone, not for every street child”。此处，文章中“Being an entrepreneur”即为定位词的同义词组。 

　　其他的同义词/词组变身如: 

　　perceive →sense evolve →develop detect →find 

　　mortal →people unbiased → objective 

　　limb → arm or leg waste→ unwanted material 

　　resemble → look like dwelling⁴ → domestic building 

　　★ 雅思定位词在文章中出现的第二种变身是“近义替换”，这包含近义词或近义词组。 

　　剑7，Test1的Q8：However, even before this was understood, the principle had been applied⁵ in the design of instruments which calculated the ____ of the seabed。 此题为在原文中选词填空的摘要题，定位词为“calculate”和“seabed”， 在文章中我们会定位到“Before this was discovered, engineers had already built instruments to exploit the principle, for example to measure the depth of the sea under a ship”。此处“measure”即为“calculate”的近义词，而“sea”即为“seabed”的上义词。 

　　其他的近义词/词组变身如： 

　　salary → wage statement → comment 

　　be gained from → derive⁶ from policy → initiative 

　　valuable → important break down → subdivide 

　　★ 雅思定位词在文章中出现的第三种变身是“派生词”。 

　　剑6，Test3的Q33：Monkeys were less likely to become diabetic。此题为分类题，定位词为“diabetic”，在文章中定位，我们能定位到句子“…and they have more normal blood glucose⁷ levels(pointing to a reduced risk for diabetes⁸, which is marked by usually high blood glucose levels)”。题目中定位词“diabetic”为名词，意为“糖尿病患者”，而文章中的“diabetes”也为名词，但意为“糖尿病”，是“diabetic”的派生词。 

　　剑4，Test4的Q14：archaeology involves creativity as well as careful investigative work。 此题为是非无判断题，定位词为“creativity”和“investigative”，在文章中我们能定位到“Archaeology is partly the discovery of the treasures of the past,…partly the exercise of the creative imagination…it is investigating the sewers⁹ of Roman Britain”。题目中定位词“creativity”为名词，在文章中对应形式“creative”（形容词）为它的派生词，；定位词“investigative”为形容词，在文章中对应形式“investigate”（动词）为它的派生词。 

　　其他的派生词变身如： 

　　recover → recovery evolutionary¹⁰ → evolve 

　　erosion → erode 

　　★ 雅思定位词在文章中出现的第四种变身是“反义词的否定形式”。 

　　补充讲义Sticking Power中的Q15：What makes sticky insects feet special is the fact that they can also detach themselves easily from a surface。 

　　此题属于人名理论配对，题目中定位词为 detach。到文章中去定位，我们会定位到“’There are lots of ways to make two surfaces stick together, but there are very few which provide precise and reversible attachment’ says Stas Gorb”，句中attachment实际上为detach的反义词attach的名词形式，而reversible表示可逆的，因此reversible attachment即为detach的反义词（组）的否定形式。 

　　其它的反义词否定形式变身如：similar → not unusual 

　　★ 雅思定位词在文章中出现的第五种变身是“上义词/词组”。 

　　剑6，Test3的Q28：Studies show drugs available today can delay the process of growing old。此题为是非无判断题，定位词为“drugs”，在文章中定位，我们能在文章第一段定位到“As researchers on aging noted¹¹ recently, no treatment on the market today has been proved to slow human aging –the build-up of molecular¹² and cellular¹³ damage that increases vulnerability to infirmity as we get older”。文章中“treatment”即为定位词“drugs”的上义词。 

　　剑4，Test2的Q8：Young people often reject the established way of life in their community。此题为人名理论配对题，题目中信息量较大，需要根据词组“reject the established way of life in their community”来定位，到文章中定位，我们会定位到“When the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the old traditions”。此处，“the old traditions”即为题目中“the established way of life in their community”的上义词组。 

　　其它的上义词/词组变身如：the newspaper and television → media 

　　★ 雅思定位词在文章中出现的第六种变身是“下义词/词组”。 

　　剑5，Test3的Q27：how AI might have a military impact。此题为段落信息配对题，定位词为“military”，在文章中定位，我们会在E段定位到“HNC claim that their system based on a cluster of 30processors, could be used to spot camouflaged¹⁴ vehicles on a battlefield or …”，句中“battlefield”即为“military”的下义词。 

　　其它的下义词/词组变身如：military → weapon / the Second World War 

　　★ 雅思定位词在文章中出现的第七种变身是“原词”，即没有变身。这种情况多发生在定位词是专有名词、专业术语或实义名词时。 

　　剑7，Test3的Q28：Problems in Nordic countries were excluded because they are outside the European Economic Community，此题为是非无判断题，定位词为“Nordic countries”。在文章中定位，我们能够在第一段定位到“Those confined to particular geographical¹⁵ areas, such as countries bordering the Mediterranean¹⁶ or the Nordic countries therefore had to be discarded”，句中的“Nordic countries”即为定位词原词。

1 marketing   

n.行销，在市场的买卖，买东西

参考例句：

• They are developing marketing network.他们正在发展销售网络。
• He often goes marketing.他经常去市场做生意。

2 pharmaceuticals   

n.医药品；药物( pharmaceutical的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• the development of new pharmaceuticals 新药的开发
• The companies are pouring trillions of yen into biotechnology research,especially for pharmaceuticals and new seeds. 这些公司将大量资金投入生物工艺学研究，尤其是药品和新种子方面。 来自《简明英汉词典》

3 ethical   

adj.伦理的，道德的，合乎道德的

参考例句：

• It is necessary to get the youth to have a high ethical concept.必须使青年具有高度的道德观念。
• It was a debate which aroused fervent ethical arguments.那是一场引发强烈的伦理道德争论的辩论。

4 dwelling   

n.住宅，住所，寓所

参考例句：

• Those two men are dwelling with us.那两个人跟我们住在一起。
• He occupies a three-story dwelling place on the Park Street.他在派克街上有一幢3层楼的寓所。

5 applied   

adj.应用的；v.应用，适用

参考例句：

• She plans to take a course in applied linguistics.她打算学习应用语言学课程。
• This cream is best applied to the face at night.这种乳霜最好晚上擦脸用。

6 derive   

v.取得；导出；引申；来自；源自；出自

参考例句：

• We derive our sustenance from the land.我们从土地获取食物。
• We shall derive much benefit from reading good novels.我们将从优秀小说中获得很大好处。

7 glucose   

n.葡萄糖

参考例句：

• I gave him an extra dose of glucose to pep him up.我给他多注射了一剂葡萄糖以增强他的活力。
• The doctor injected glucose into his patient's veins.医生将葡萄糖注入病人的静脉。

8 diabetes   

n.糖尿病

参考例句：

• In case of diabetes, physicians advise against the use of sugar.对于糖尿病患者，医生告诫他们不要吃糖。
• Diabetes is caused by a fault in the insulin production of the body.糖尿病是由体內胰岛素分泌失调引起的。

9 sewers   

n.阴沟，污水管，下水道( sewer的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The sewers discharge out at sea. 下水道的污水排入海里。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• Another municipal waste problem is street runoff into storm sewers. 有关都市废水的另外一个问题是进入雨水沟的街道雨水。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法

10 evolutionary   

adj.进化的；演化的，演变的；[生]进化论的

参考例句：

• Life has its own evolutionary process.生命有其自身的进化过程。
• These are fascinating questions to be resolved by the evolutionary studies of plants.这些十分吸引人的问题将在研究植物进化过程中得以解决。

11 noted   

adj.著名的，知名的

参考例句：

• The local hotel is noted for its good table.当地的那家酒店以餐食精美而著称。
• Jim is noted for arriving late for work.吉姆上班迟到出了名。

12 molecular   

adj.分子的；克分子的

参考例句：

• The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms.这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。
• For the pressure to become zero, molecular bombardment must cease.当压强趋近于零时，分子的碰撞就停止了。

13 cellular   

adj.移动的；细胞的，由细胞组成的

参考例句：

• She has a cellular telephone in her car.她的汽车里有一部无线通讯电话机。
• Many people use cellular materials as sensitive elements in hygrometers.很多人用蜂窝状的材料作为测量温度的传感元件。

14 camouflaged   

v.隐蔽( camouflage的过去式和过去分词 )；掩盖；伪装，掩饰

参考例句：

• We camouflaged in the bushes and no one saw us. 我们隐藏在灌木丛中没有被人发现。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
• They camouflaged in bushes. 他们隐蔽在灌木丛中。 来自《简明英汉词典》

15 geographical   

adj.地理的；地区(性)的

参考例句：

• The current survey will have a wider geographical spread.当前的调查将在更广泛的地域范围內进行。
• These birds have a wide geographical distribution.这些鸟的地理分布很广。

16 Mediterranean   

adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的

参考例句：

• The houses are Mediterranean in character.这些房子都属地中海风格。
• Gibraltar is the key to the Mediterranean.直布罗陀是地中海的要冲。