Geophysicist Probes Ocean's Secrets

（单词翻译）

Geophysicist Probes Ocean's Secrets

Today, Pitman is a distinguished¹ professor of geophysics at Columbia University, and the recipient² of many of his field’s most coveted³ honors.
Even though he is now in his 80s, Pitman’s animated⁴ manner makes it easy to picture him as the precocious⁵ teenager he once was, visiting his father’s workplace at Bell Labs - the pioneering technology research center - and asking the other scientists there about their work.
“I worked there in the summertime sweeping⁶ floors but I was in amongst all these people," he recalls. "It was wonderful.”
Pitman earned an undergraduate degree in electrical engineering and physics, and soon took a job with an electronics firm. The work bored him, but one project - doing research on submarines - sparked a passion for oceanography and a return to university.
For his doctoral thesis at Columbia, Pitman headed back to sea on a research vessel⁷. He hoped to gather evidence that all the continents had once been joined, but for hundreds of millions of years had been drifting apart atop giant plates of the earth’s crust, which floated on a layer of volcanic⁸ magma.
By recording⁹ and analyzing¹⁰ the magnetic patterns in the undersea ridge¹¹, Walter Pitman helped prove the theory of continental¹² drift, a revolutionary idea at the time.
“Now when they pull apart, volcanic material comes up and fills that void," Pitman says. "That volcanic material contains a lot of iron. When that volcanic material cools down that iron will become magnetized in the direction of the earth’s field on that place and at that time.”
“It was electrifying¹³. I didn’t imagine ever being involved in something so astonishing and so very, very important to the geological sciences at such a young stage in my career. I was very fortunate to be there when it was happening.”
Pitman says that in addition to explaining how the continents drift around the oceans, the science of plate tectonics explains how they collide and break apart, creating earthquakes and building mountain chains.
Later, Pitman turned his attention to the surface of the ocean, and sea level changes. He and fellow Columbia University geophysicist William Ryan proposed what is known as the Black Sea Deluge¹⁴ Theory. In their 1998 book, “Noah's Flood: the New Scientific Discoveries About The Event That Changed History,” they contend that the Black Sea was once a landlocked freshwater lake. It probably served as a fertile oasis¹⁵ for Neolithic¹⁶ peoples. Then about 7500 years ago, melting glaciers¹⁷ raised water levels in the neighboring Mediterranean¹⁸ Sea.
“Until it got to the point where it could flow in through the Bosporus, which was at that time was probably at a depth of 15 or 20 meters. You’re talking about a huge mass of water coming in to fill a very small basin. And that water as it comes through the Bosporus is going to cut the Bosporus deeper. The deeper it cuts, the faster it flows. The faster it flows, the faster it cuts, and so on. There is a feedback mechanism¹⁹. You start with a trickle²⁰ and within a short time, it’s a raging, roaring torrent²¹ of water flowing in at 50 cubic kilometers a day. We’re very sure that’s what it (the Biblical flood) was.”
For decades, Pitman served as a distinguished professor of oceanography and geophysics at Columbia University. But he decided²² to stop teaching when he began to have trouble remembering all of his students’ names.
“Thinking about it, I always liked to become sort of an uncle," Pittman says. "Not a professor, but a bit more like an older uncle with the students. I think that made them more free to talk and question and contradict, than if I was ‘Herr Professor.’ These are bright kids - really bright. And you know damn well that a lot of them are going to go on to achieve much more than you have achieved.”
This octogenarian’s thirst for knowledge is undiminished by age. He and several colleagues are currently studying the climate of the Arctic Ocean, and its effects on the world’s water cycles over the past two million years. Their research can help scientists predict the effects of climate change, which is melting the polar ice caps and causing sea levels to rise. But Walter Pitman remains²³ fascinated by whatever falls under his gaze.
“I’ve had an incredibly good time at this kind of endeavor. There are bad spots, of course. But the science is always fascinating. You might stop reading for the day and say ‘Wow, that is so great. I learned something about how the Earth works.’ That is really pure pleasure.”