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VOA常速英语2014--城市化可能带来健康风险

时间:2014-08-02 15:23:38

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Urbanization Can Bring Health Risks 城市化可能带来健康风险

New research shows urbanization may be bad for people's health, unless planners develop cities that allow healthier lifestyles and environments. The U.N. estimates much of the developing and developed world will be urbanized by 2050.

一项新的研究表明城市化可能会对人们的健康带来危害,除非规划者们发展城市,打造更为健康的生活方式和环境。联合国估计大部分的发展中和发达国家到2050年将完成城市化进程。

Rural sub-Saharan Africa is seeing rapidly increasing urbanization. Something, researchers say, “could lead to an explosion” in rates of heart disease and diabetes1.

非洲地区撒哈拉以南正在加速城市化进程。研究人员表示这会带来心脏病和糖尿病发病率“爆炸性的增加”。

They estimate more than a half-billion people now live in rural areas of the continent, where there are lower rates of non-communicable diseases. But that's changing and they warn that even small changes toward urbanization could affect health.

他们估计现在约有超过5亿人生活在这片大陆的偏远地区,这里有着相对而言较低的非传染性疾病发病几率。但这种境况正在发生改变,研究人员警告称城市化即使是小的改变也可能对健康造成影响。

城市化.jpg

Dr. Manjinder, joint2 senior author of the study, which appears in the journal PLOS Medicine, said, “We think in lots of low and middle income countries around the world-and not specifically to countries in Africa -that one is going to see a massive change in the burden of such diseases, such as diabetes and heart disease. And this comes together with an existing high burden of endemic infection and chronic3 infectious diseases, but also this parallel rise in these noncommunicable diseases.”

期刊《公共科学图书馆?医学》杂志上这项联合研究的资深作家曼吉德博士说道:“我们认为世界上许多中低收入国家,并非特指非洲国家—人们会发现诸如糖尿病和心脏病等疾病负担发生巨大的改变。现有的高流行感染和慢性传染病会使得这些疾病发病率上升,而且非传染性疾病也会平行上升。”

He said chronic infections can worsen the effects of noncommunicable diseases that accompany urbanization.

他表示慢性感染会伴随城市化的影响加重非传染性疾病的发病几率。

“Chronic infections can lead to an increased risk of such diseases. For example, HIV, its treatment and the potential risk of those factors on heart disease and diabetes risk. We know that Hepatitis C virus is an oncogenic virus. It's a cancer causing virus and together with HIV may increase the risk of cancers.”

“慢性感染会导致这些疾病风险的增加。例如,艾滋病毒的治疗和潜在风险因素是心脏病和糖尿病。我们知道,丙型肝炎病毒是一种致癌病毒。这种癌会引发病毒并且连带艾滋病毒一起会增加癌症的风险。”

Urbanization does have an upside with greater access to education and healthcare, for example. But researchers warn it can be a double-edged sword.

城市化也有积极的一面,比如更广范围的教育和医疗。但研究人员警告称这是一把双刃剑。

With urbanization there are also lifestyle changes, such as adopting a more Western diet that's high in fat, sugar and salt, less physical activity, greater alcohol consumption and weight gain.

随着城市化进程带来生活方式的改变,诸如越来越多高脂肪,高糖及高盐的西方饮食,身体锻炼会变得更少,随之而来是更多的酒精摄入,最后造成体重增加。

“We can see a compounding effect of all these inter-related risk factors on increasing the burden of risk. And I think Africa is a good example of trying to understand urbanicity, but also it's a good example of where this could occur again in other regions around the world where similar events and scenarios4 and environments are occurring.”

“我们可以看到所有这些相互关联的风险因素产生综合效应增加的风险。我认为非洲是试图理解城市化很好的例子,而且也是很好的例子,因为这可能发生在世界其他地区,类似的事件和场景和环境正在上演。”

Dr. Sandhu is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care at the University of Cambridge and the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.

剑桥大学卫生行政部门和初级保健及维康信托桑格研究所桑德博士说道。

Researchers base their findings on more than 7,300 people living in 25 villages in Uganda. Each person in the study was given-what's called-an urbanicity score. It measured lifestyle risk factors as rural areas became more urbanized.

研究人员对在乌干达25个村庄生活的超过7300人进行了调查。这项研究中的每个人都要给出城市化程度的评分。它是衡量偏远地区城市化进程中生活方式的危险因素。

“The interesting thing about studying rural communities is that one can see that the civil infrastructure5 is relatively6 nascent7. It's a building and growing infrastructure. And if one can think about what facets8 of that changing infrastructure is potentially associated with risk of noncommunicable diseases, one may think about addressing and perhaps changing or building an environment that is more conducive9 to a healthy lifestyle.”

“研究农村社区的有趣之处在于民用基础设施相对新生。基础设施正处于建设当中且正在不断增长。如果想到基础设施的改变可能与非传染性疾病风险的增加挂钩,那就要考虑解决办法并可能改变或打造一种更有利于健康生活方式的环境。”

Sandhu said risk factors created by urbanization should be considered when coming up with replacements10 for the expiring Millennium11 Development Goals.

桑德表示城市化带来的风险因素在千年发展目标到期时应该受到重视。

“I think that should be a paramount12 goal to at least consider how the impact of those changing civil infrastructures13 are potentially leading to a change in lifestyle and other behavioral risk factors that are leading to an increased risk of chronic diseases, such as diabetes and heart disease.”

“我认为这应该是一个重要的目标,至少考虑民用基础设施的改变可能影响生活方式,而且其他行为风险因素导致如糖尿病和心脏病等慢性疾病的风险增加。”

Joining Cambridge researchers in the study were those from the Uganda Virus Research Institute, Australia's Deakin University and the London School of Hygiene14 and Tropical Medicine.

这项研究中剑桥大学的研究人员们来自乌干达病毒研究所,澳大利亚迪肯大学及伦敦卫生和热带医学学院。


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点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 diabetes uPnzu     
n.糖尿病
参考例句:
  • In case of diabetes, physicians advise against the use of sugar.对于糖尿病患者,医生告诫他们不要吃糖。
  • Diabetes is caused by a fault in the insulin production of the body.糖尿病是由体內胰岛素分泌失调引起的。
2 joint m3lx4     
adj.联合的,共同的;n.关节,接合处;v.连接,贴合
参考例句:
  • I had a bad fall,which put my shoulder out of joint.我重重地摔了一跤,肩膀脫臼了。
  • We wrote a letter in joint names.我们联名写了封信。
3 chronic BO9zl     
adj.(疾病)长期未愈的,慢性的;极坏的
参考例句:
  • Famine differs from chronic malnutrition.饥荒不同于慢性营养不良。
  • Chronic poisoning may lead to death from inanition.慢性中毒也可能由虚弱导致死亡。
4 scenarios f7c7eeee199dc0ef47fe322cc223be88     
n.[意]情节;剧本;事态;脚本
参考例句:
  • Further, graphite cores may be safer than non-graphite cores under some accident scenarios. 再者,根据一些事故解说,石墨堆芯可比非石墨堆芯更安全一些。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法
  • Again, scenarios should make it clear which modes are acceptable to users in various contexts. 同样,我们可以运用场景剧本来搞清楚在不同情境下哪些模式可被用户接受。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓
5 infrastructure UbBz5     
n.下部构造,下部组织,基础结构,基础设施
参考例句:
  • We should step up the development of infrastructure for research.加强科学基础设施建设。
  • We should strengthen cultural infrastructure and boost various types of popular culture.加强文化基础设施建设,发展各类群众文化。
6 relatively bkqzS3     
adv.比较...地,相对地
参考例句:
  • The rabbit is a relatively recent introduction in Australia.兔子是相对较新引入澳大利亚的物种。
  • The operation was relatively painless.手术相对来说不痛。
7 nascent H6uzZ     
adj.初生的,发生中的
参考例句:
  • That slim book showed the Chinese intelligentsia and the nascent working class.那本小册子讲述了中国的知识界和新兴的工人阶级。
  • Despite a nascent democracy movement,there's little traction for direct suffrage.尽管有过一次新生的民主运动,但几乎不会带来直接选举。
8 facets f954532ea6a2c241dcb9325762a2a145     
n.(宝石或首饰的)小平面( facet的名词复数 );(事物的)面;方面
参考例句:
  • The question had many facets. 这个问题是多方面的。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • A fully cut brilliant diamond has 68 facets. 经过充分切刻的光彩夺目的钻石有68个小平面。 来自《简明英汉词典》
9 conducive hppzk     
adj.有益的,有助的
参考例句:
  • This is a more conducive atmosphere for studying.这样的氛围更有利于学习。
  • Exercise is conducive to good health.体育锻炼有助于增强体质。
10 replacements 1f6e0d51ec9f57961e86b4aa2e91ef29     
n.代替( replacement的名词复数 );替换的人[物];替代品;归还
参考例句:
  • They infiltrated behind the lines so as to annoy the emery replacements. 他们渗透敌后以便骚扰敌军的调度。 来自辞典例句
  • For oil replacements, cheap suddenly looks less of a problem. 对于石油的替代品来说,价格变得无足轻重了。 来自互联网
11 millennium x7DzO     
n.一千年,千禧年;太平盛世
参考例句:
  • The whole world was counting down to the new millennium.全世界都在倒计时迎接新千年的到来。
  • We waited as the clock ticked away the last few seconds of the old millennium.我们静候着时钟滴答走过千年的最后几秒钟。
12 paramount fL9xz     
a.最重要的,最高权力的
参考例句:
  • My paramount object is to save the Union and destroy slavery.我的最高目标是拯救美国,摧毁奴隶制度。
  • Nitrogen is of paramount importance to life on earth.氮对地球上的生命至关重要。
13 infrastructures 1ed6c8c7e1b685a76c010966244f3a22     
n.基础设施( infrastructure的名词复数 );基础结构;行政机构;秘密机构
参考例句:
  • Public transportation termini and depots are important infrastructures for a city. 公交场站设施是城市重要的基础设施。 来自互联网
  • The increasingly fast urbanization process requires more and more infrastructures. 我国城市化进程不断加快,对城市基础设施的需求也越来越大。 来自互联网
14 hygiene Kchzr     
n.健康法,卫生学 (a.hygienic)
参考例句:
  • Their course of study includes elementary hygiene and medical theory.他们的课程包括基础卫生学和医疗知识。
  • He's going to give us a lecture on public hygiene.他要给我们作关于公共卫生方面的报告。

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