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实例讲解新gre作文官方范文

时间:2014-03-08 11:11:22

(单词翻译:单击)

   1、官方范文的重要性不言而喻,大家对官方范文的态度也有褒有贬,有人说这些6分的官方文章都是大牛写出来的,我们学不来,于是有的同学的重心就转向了北美范文。但有一点是不可否认的——官方范文是真的6分,可是ets从来没承认过任何一个北美范文是六分的,尽管也确实都是很好的文章。

  2、关于argument的重要性
  很多人认为argument相对于issue来说容易些,也更好操作些,更容易拿高分。我个人认为这是个误区。我们最后拿到的成绩是个平均分,没有人知道具体每篇是多少。尽管有的同学会猜测自己得分是多少多少,但是猜测毕竟是猜测。因为游戏是ets定的,他的标准和我们心中接受的标准肯定是不一样的,打个比方,看看后面第三篇满分范文,让一般人看,估计没有几个人会毫不犹豫地给满分,甚至高分,但在ets眼中它就是满分;另外,实际上新东方的模版写出来的argu文章和官方范文给出的满分文章是有很大差别的,主要体现在是一个是零散凑成的(所谓的让步式攻击有时只是形式上的)而另一个是有核心思想的,我会在后面的分析中具体说明。既然这样,那完全有可能最终4分是来源于3分的argue加5分的issue,而不是反之。所以说,我们有可能高估了我们写argument的能力。
  3、对于官方范文,实际上这些看上去很天马行空的文章,潜在的蕴涵了ets所要求的所有要点。之所以很多人看了很多遍没有看出什么可借鉴的地方,源于两点:一是没有和awintro上的要求相对应起来看,二是没有把有限的6篇官方范文进行横比。
  4、本文整体结构:
  第一部分awintro中A部分重点语句的归纳和梳理,方便与后面的分析相对照。这里所有的英文均一字不差的摘自awintro。同时也作为我的另一篇文章“awintro的解读”中的argument部分的补充。
  第二部分是我的对于全部6份官方范文(结合awintro)的分析,本文属于个人观点,一家之言难免存在偏颇和不足之处,恳请大家多多指教。
  第三部分为总结。
  第四部分为了显示不是纯扯淡,并让我的证明更加具体,我按照我分析出来的结果也独立写了一篇文章,请大家狂拍。
  注:我把awintro和没有加入分析的六个范文放在附件里了,欢迎大家下载。
  5、ets就像是一个羞涩的女孩,从来不会直接告诉我们她想要什么,但同时,也在无时不刻的不在暗示我们她想要什么。
  新gre作文官方范文全解析
  1、在拿到题目后应该找出这些:what is offered as evidence, support, or proof;what is explicitly1 stated, claimed, or concluded;what is assumed or supposed, perhaps without justification2 or proof;what is not stated, but necessarily follows from what is stated。总结一下:即论据,结论,推理过程中的未加证明的假设,论据中的潜在后果。这四点都是需要我们尽量展示在第一段里面的。
  2、同时,还要考虑原题目中的逻辑链:In addition, you should consider the structure of the argument。在这过程中更重要的是:sometimes implicit3 steps in the thinking process and consider whether the movement from each one to the next is logically sound。这是我们攻击的要点,尤其是隐含的逻辑步骤。
  3、在分析时:You will not be expected to know methods of analysis or technical terms.随后在范文中可以看出,几乎是没有那种像新东方那样精确错误名词的,而只是就着错误本身的逻辑进行分析。不需要给人感觉咱们特意学过逻辑,如果拽那些名词就给人感觉咱们特意学过逻辑,嘿嘿那既然是专业的要求也就更加苛刻了。
  4、awintro中举一个例子:For instance, in one topic an elementary school principal might conclude that the new playground equipment has improved student attendance because absentee rates have declined since it was installed.论证的思路为:(1)意识到存在它因you will simply need to see that there are other possible explanations for the improved attendance,(2)提供具体的它因 to offer some common-sense examples, (3)从结论考虑,怎样才能使论证完整有力,即如何改进and perhaps to suggest what would be necessary to verify the conclusion. For instance, absentee rates might have decreased because the climate was mild. This would have to be ruled out in order for the principal’s conclusion to be valid4.
  5、官方认为的有几个关键名词需要解释,其中analysis这个词的解释很重要,很多同学知道这个词的意思是分析,但什么是分析就说得不是很清楚了。这里给出了清晰的答案:the process of breaking something (e.g., an argument) down into its component5 parts in order to understand how they work together to make up the whole。说白了,就是把原题中的三段式论证给打拆开,逐一地进行分析。同样的analytical6 writing的核心也就是拆开原命题,分成1串逻辑链,然后一部分一部分地讨论。
  6、核心论证方法:找出隐含假设(并质疑)identify as many of its claims, conclusions, and underlying7 assumptions as possible;寻找它因和寻找反例think of as many alternative explanations and counterexamples as you can;加条件后讨论think of what additional evidence might weaken or lend support to the claims;提出改进方案ask yourself what changes in the argument would make the reasoning more sound。同学们以上四点是核心论证方法!!!所有的满分范文中都用到了这四种方法。
  其中,在论证时需要:think of what additional evidence might weaken or lend support to the claims。这里重要的是加上一个常识性条件后,能意识到,有些情况,是支持原命题的。这一点至关重要,我们是讨论,要求同存异,而不是一味的批驳。  7、满分作文的模式:essays at the 6 score level that begin by briefly8 summarizing the argument and then explicitly stating and developing the main points of the critique。先复述题目,然后清晰的表明观点,然后发展。
  8、高分作文的攻击顺序:You might want to organize your critique around the organization of the argument itself, discussing the argument line by line. Or you might want to first point out a central questionable9 assumption and then move on to discuss related flaws in the argument's line of reasoning.这里给出了两种攻击顺序,根据我读了一个多月awintro的经验来看,一般官方给出的建议总是越靠后的越好越nb,正如在官方推荐issue观点的时候总是把平衡观点放在最后。所以这里比较好的方案是先质疑一个核心的假设,然后再按照原文逻辑来搞。
  9、6分作文标准:
  A 6 paper presents a cogent10, well-articulated critique of the argument and conveys meaning skillfully.
  A typical paper in this category
  clearly identifies important features of the argument and analyzes11 them insightfully? develops ideas cogently12, organizes them logically, and connects them with clear transitions? effectively supports the main points of the critique? demonstrates control of language, including appropriate word choice and sentence variety? demonstrates facility with the conventions (i.e., grammar, usage, and mechanics) of standard written English but may have minor13 errors范文分析第一篇文章
  Hospital statistics regarding people who go to the emergency room after rollerskating accidents indicate the need for more protective equipment. Within this group of people, 75 percent of those who had accidents in streets or parking lots were not wearing any protective clothing (helmets, knee pads, etc.) or any light-reflecting material (clip-on lights, glow-in-the-dark wrist pads, etc.). Clearly, these statistics indicate that by investing in high-quality protective gear and reflective equipment, rollerskaters will greatly reduce their risk of being severely15 injured in an accident.
  原题逻辑顺序为:数据显示了对保护装备的需求==〉展开说明这个数据是怎样显示这样的需求的(即用这个装备有什么效果)==〉结论:为了达到这个效果我们应该重金买这保护设备。
  Benchmark 6
  The notion that protective gear reduces the injuries suffered in accidents seems at first glance to be an obvious conclusion. After all, it is the intent of these products to either prevent accidents from occuring in the first place or to reduce the injuries suffered by the wearer should an accident occur. 前两句首先肯定了原命题中值得肯定的地方。这是求同存异的表现。注意这里第一句作者同意原命题的同时,在第二句紧接着就给出了展开的证明。而没有光是罗列观点。However, the conclusion that investing in high quality protective gear greatly reduces the risk of being severely injured in an accident may mask other (and potentially more significant) causes of injuries and may inspire people to over invest financially and psychologically in protective gear. 再说原命题是存在逻辑漏洞的,即它因。这里并没有展开论证,因为这是全文的中心句,整个文章都在后面给予论证。同时,最后半句给出了论据中的潜在后果。
  First of all, as mentioned in the argument, there are two distinct kinds of gear -- preventative gear (such as light reflecting material) and protective gear (such as helmets). body打头第一段是属于攻击总前提假设的,作者认为这个(即保护性设备和防护性设备的差别)是有必要在讨论一切之前弄清楚的。论证方法为质疑假设,加条件后讨论,提出建议。实际上,这个前提对应的就是开头段的前两句话。深层的含义就是,尽管我在开头对你的某一个部分作了让步似的同意,但是这个同意也是建立在一定的假设基础上的,要是这个假设搞不清楚,哼哼我让不让步还不一定呢!本段就来讨论这个假设基础。Preventative gear is intended to warn others, presumably for the most part motorists, of the presence of the roller skater. It works only if the "other" is a responsible and caring individual who will afford the skater the necessary space and attention. Protective gear is intended to reduce the effect of any accident, whether it is caused by an other, the skater or some force of nature. Protective gear does little, if anything, to prevent accidents but is presumed to reduce the injuries that occur in an accident. 这两句分别从两个方面进行了论述,为本段第一句话的论证进行服务,每一方面的具体方法是先定义,再比较。论证方法为加上不同的条件后进行讨论,比如前一句话假定只有防护性装备会怎样,后一句话假定只有保护性装备会怎么样。The statistics on injuries suffered by skaters would be more interesting if the skaters were grouped into those wearing no gear at all, those wearing protective gear only, those wearing preventative gear only and those wearing both. 这里提出了作者的建议,即如何通过进一步的完善使原命题更加的有力。These statistics could provide skaters with a clearer understanding of which kinds of gear are more beneficial. 如果这个问题(保护防护设备的差别)解决了后面的讨论才能继续。所以说,总的来说这一段是讨论了原文一个核心的前提。 The argument above is weakened by the fact that it does not take into account the inherent differences between skaters who wear gear and those who do not.从本段起,连着的三个自然段就是按照原文逻辑链的顺序进行攻击和质疑。实际上,这三段对应的就是开头段的however之后的话。本段先质疑了人的本质的差异。论证方法是加条件后讨论。If is at least likely that those who wear gear may be generally more responsible and/or safety conscious individuals. The skaters who wear gear may be less likely to cause accidents through careless or dangerous behavior. It may, in fact, be their natural caution and responsibility that keeps them out of the emergency room rather than the gear itself.以上三句话展开证明第一个分支观点,论证方法就是大名鼎鼎的三段论。加入常识性条件。即本身很注意安全的人配戴保护装置==〉配戴装置后就能少出事故==〉故本身注意安全才使得少出事故。 Also, the statistic14 above is based entirely16 on those who are skating in streets and parking lots which are relatively17 dangerous places to skate in the first place. People who are generally more safety conscious (and therefore more likely to wear gear) may choose to skate in safer areas such as parks or back yards. 以上两句展开证明第二个分支观点,论证方法同样为大名鼎鼎的三段论,加上常识性条件。即街道公园本身不太安全==〉本身注意安全的人会选择安全的地方==〉来这里的人都是本身不太注意安全的。这里最后一点是我给补充上的,原文没有论证完全,但是基本的框架还是有的。
  The statistic also goes not differentiate18 between severity of injuries.攻击逻辑链的第二步,受伤的程度没有说清。这里的论证方法核心是质疑隐含假设,加条件后讨论。 The conclusion that safety gear prevents severe injuries suggests that it is presumed that people come to the emergency room only with severe injuries. 指出原隐含假设。This is certainly not the case.指出它错了。 Also, given that skating is a recreational activity that may be primarily engaged in during evenings and weekends (when doctors' offices are closed), skater with less severe injuries may be especially likely to come to the emergency room for treatment. 加上人们晚上去滑的人多这个条件后讨论,最终削弱原命题。
  Finally, there is absolutely no evidence provided that high quality (and presumably more expensive) gear is any more beneficial than other kinds of gear.攻击逻辑联的第三步,质量好的不一定有用。核心论证方法为列举它因和提出建议。 For example, a simple white t-shirt may provide the same preventative benefit as a higher quality, more expensive, shirt designed only for skating.简单的t-shirt也能很有用。 Before skaters are encouraged to invest heavily in gear, a more complete understanding of the benefit provided by individual pieces of gear would be helpful.
  建议我们对器材考虑得更加全面些。
  The argument for safety gear based on emergency room statistics could provide important information and potentially saves lives.强调原文的初衷还是很好的,就好像两个人在那里辩论,范文把原文给说急了,范文怕原文不高兴了,就再哄哄他:别看我骂了这么多,你的初衷还是好的嘛!值得肯定。 Before conclusions about the amount and kinds of investments that should be made in gear are reached, however, a more complete understanding of the benefits are needed. 范文看原文也不怎么哭了,于是最终还是委婉的表达了自己的建议。After all, a false confidence in ineffective gear could be just as dangerous as no gear at all. 最后补充论证自己的建议:论证方法为反证法。同时范文在最后吓唬一吓原文,告诉他不这样做的可怕的后果。  Reader Comment on 6This outstanding response demonstrates the writer's insightful analytical skills.
  The introduction, which notes that adopting the prompt's fallacious reasoning could "...inspire people to over invest financially and psychologically in protective gear," is followed by a comprehensive examination of each of the argument's root flaws. Specifically, the writer exposes several points that undermine the argument:
  *that preventive and protective gear are not the same*that skaters who wear gear may be less prone19 to accidents because they are, by nature, more responsible and cautious*that the statistics do not differentiate by the severity of the injuries*that gear may not need to be high-quality to be beneficialThe discussion is smoothly20 and logically organized, and each point is thoroughly21 and cogently developed. In addition, the writing is succinct22, economical and error-free. Sentences are varied23 and complex, and diction is expressive24 and precise.
  In sum, this essay exemplifies the very top of the "6" range described in the scoring guide. If the writer had been less eloquent25 or provided fewer reasons to refute the argument, the essay could still have been scored "6."小总结:
  (1)分析原题目中可取之处;指出原文中不足之处;推出论据中的潜在后果。(这里的第一点展开证明,这样虽然没有直接复述题目,但是这三点说完后整个框架就很清楚了(2)正文中第一段质疑我认为的核心假设错误(从原题目中的可取之处中寻找,要把它唯一一点正确的东西也给质疑了),后三段按原文逻辑顺序攻击三点,如本文中人的本质==〉人受的伤的差别==〉为防受伤,买质量好的就有用?可以看出,这三点是与原文中三段论式论证环环相扣的。这就是前面第一部分讲解awintro中提到的analytical writing的具体应用。
  (3)逻辑方面的论证方法为:寻找并质疑隐含假设,列举它因,加条件(常识性条件,或者限定性条件)后讨论,提出建议。
  (4)在语言方面的论证手法有:分情况讨论,举反例推缪。
  (5)最后的时候还是要首先肯定原文的可取之处如初衷好啊,然后指出需要思考的更加完善才行。要是思考的不完善会有什么后果。
 

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点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 explicitly JtZz2H     
ad.明确地,显然地
参考例句:
  • The plan does not explicitly endorse the private ownership of land. 该计划没有明确地支持土地私有制。
  • SARA amended section 113 to provide explicitly for a right to contribution. 《最高基金修正与再授权法案》修正了第123条,清楚地规定了分配权。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法
2 justification x32xQ     
n.正当的理由;辩解的理由
参考例句:
  • There's no justification for dividing the company into smaller units. 没有理由把公司划分成小单位。
  • In the young there is a justification for this feeling. 在年轻人中有这种感觉是有理由的。
3 implicit lkhyn     
a.暗示的,含蓄的,不明晰的,绝对的
参考例句:
  • A soldier must give implicit obedience to his officers. 士兵必须绝对服从他的长官。
  • Her silence gave implicit consent. 她的沉默表示默许。
4 valid eiCwm     
adj.有确实根据的;有效的;正当的,合法的
参考例句:
  • His claim to own the house is valid.他主张对此屋的所有权有效。
  • Do you have valid reasons for your absence?你的缺席有正当理由吗?
5 component epSzv     
n.组成部分,成分,元件;adj.组成的,合成的
参考例句:
  • Each component is carefully checked before assembly.每个零件在装配前都经过仔细检查。
  • Blade and handle are the component parts of a knife.刀身和刀柄是一把刀的组成部分。
6 analytical lLMyS     
adj.分析的;用分析法的
参考例句:
  • I have an analytical approach to every survey.对每项调查我都采用分析方法。
  • As a result,analytical data obtained by analysts were often in disagreement.结果各个分析家所得的分析数据常常不一致。
7 underlying 5fyz8c     
adj.在下面的,含蓄的,潜在的
参考例句:
  • The underlying theme of the novel is very serious.小说隐含的主题是十分严肃的。
  • This word has its underlying meaning.这个单词有它潜在的含义。
8 briefly 9Styo     
adv.简单地,简短地
参考例句:
  • I want to touch briefly on another aspect of the problem.我想简单地谈一下这个问题的另一方面。
  • He was kidnapped and briefly detained by a terrorist group.他被一个恐怖组织绑架并短暂拘禁。
9 questionable oScxK     
adj.可疑的,有问题的
参考例句:
  • There are still a few questionable points in the case.这个案件还有几个疑点。
  • Your argument is based on a set of questionable assumptions.你的论证建立在一套有问题的假设上。
10 cogent hnuyD     
adj.强有力的,有说服力的
参考例句:
  • The result is a cogent explanation of inflation.结果令人信服地解释了通货膨胀问题。
  • He produced cogent reasons for the change of policy.他对改变政策提出了充分的理由。
11 analyzes e2e80b8320e1dd8d4c035d41fd7e44e5     
v.分析( analyze的第三人称单数 );分解;解释;对…进行心理分析
参考例句:
  • This approach analyzes management by studying experience usually through cases. 这个学派通常从实例获得经验,用以分析管理。 来自辞典例句
  • The econometrician analyzes statistical data. 经济计量学者要分析统计材料。 来自辞典例句
12 cogently 6631869b40248429f4dd70c92cdf79a1     
adv.痛切地,中肯地
参考例句:
  • Her case was cogently argued. 她的案件辩驳得很有说服力。 来自辞典例句
13 minor e7fzR     
adj.较小(少)的,较次要的;n.辅修学科;vi.辅修
参考例句:
  • The young actor was given a minor part in the new play.年轻的男演员在这出新戏里被分派担任一个小角色。
  • I gave him a minor share of my wealth.我把小部分财产给了他。
14 statistic QuGwb     
n.统计量;adj.统计的,统计学的
参考例句:
  • Official statistics show real wages declining by 24%.官方统计数字表明实际工资下降了24%。
  • There are no reliable statistics for the number of deaths in the battle.关于阵亡人数没有可靠的统计数字。
15 severely SiCzmk     
adv.严格地;严厉地;非常恶劣地
参考例句:
  • He was severely criticized and removed from his post.他受到了严厉的批评并且被撤了职。
  • He is severely put down for his careless work.他因工作上的粗心大意而受到了严厉的批评。
16 entirely entirely     
ad.全部地,完整地;完全地,彻底地
参考例句:
  • The fire was entirely caused by their neglect of duty. 那场火灾完全是由于他们失职而引起的。
  • His life was entirely given up to the educational work. 他的一生统统献给了教育工作。
17 relatively bkqzS3     
adv.比较...地,相对地
参考例句:
  • The rabbit is a relatively recent introduction in Australia.兔子是相对较新引入澳大利亚的物种。
  • The operation was relatively painless.手术相对来说不痛。
18 differentiate cm3yc     
vi.(between)区分;vt.区别;使不同
参考例句:
  • You can differentiate between the houses by the shape of their chimneys.你可以凭借烟囱形状的不同来区分这两幢房子。
  • He never learned to differentiate between good and evil.他从未学会分辨善恶。
19 prone 50bzu     
adj.(to)易于…的,很可能…的;俯卧的
参考例句:
  • Some people are prone to jump to hasty conclusions.有些人往往作出轻率的结论。
  • He is prone to lose his temper when people disagree with him.人家一不同意他的意见,他就发脾气。
20 smoothly iiUzLG     
adv.平滑地,顺利地,流利地,流畅地
参考例句:
  • The workmen are very cooperative,so the work goes on smoothly.工人们十分合作,所以工作进展顺利。
  • Just change one or two words and the sentence will read smoothly.这句话只要动一两个字就顺了。
21 thoroughly sgmz0J     
adv.完全地,彻底地,十足地
参考例句:
  • The soil must be thoroughly turned over before planting.一定要先把土地深翻一遍再下种。
  • The soldiers have been thoroughly instructed in the care of their weapons.士兵们都系统地接受过保护武器的训练。
22 succinct YHozq     
adj.简明的,简洁的
参考例句:
  • The last paragraph is a succinct summary.最后这段话概括性很强。
  • A succinct style lends vigour to writing.措辞简练使文笔有力。
23 varied giIw9     
adj.多样的,多变化的
参考例句:
  • The forms of art are many and varied.艺术的形式是多种多样的。
  • The hotel has a varied programme of nightly entertainment.宾馆有各种晚间娱乐活动。
24 expressive shwz4     
adj.表现的,表达…的,富于表情的
参考例句:
  • Black English can be more expressive than standard English.黑人所使用的英语可能比正式英语更有表现力。
  • He had a mobile,expressive,animated face.他有一张多变的,富于表情的,生动活泼的脸。
25 eloquent ymLyN     
adj.雄辩的,口才流利的;明白显示出的
参考例句:
  • He was so eloquent that he cut down the finest orator.他能言善辩,胜过最好的演说家。
  • These ruins are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of war.这些废墟形象地提醒人们不要忘记战争的恐怖。