1.The Middle Eastern Bazaar
The Middle Eastern bazaar takes you back hundreds --- even thousands --- of years. The one I am thinking of particularly is entered by a Gothic - arched gateway of aged brick and stone. You pass from the heat and glare of a big, open square into a cool, dark cavernwhich extends as far as the eye can see, losing itself in the shadowy distance. Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngsof people entering and leaving the bazaar. The roadway is about twelve feet wide, but it is narrowed every few yards by little stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold. The din of the stall-holder; crying their wares, of donkey-boys and porters clearing a way for themselves by shouting vigorously, and of would-be purchasers arguing and bargaining is continuous and makes you dizzy.
Then as you penetrate deeper into the bazaar, the noise of the entrance fades away, and you come to the muted cloth-market. The earthen floor, beaten hard by countless feet, deadens the sound of footsteps, and the vaulted mud-brick walls and roof have hardly any sounds to echo. The shop-keepers speak in slow, measured tones, and the buyers, overwhelmed by the sepulchral atmosphere, follow suit .
One of the peculiarities of the Eastern bazaar is that shopkeepers dealing in the same kind of goods do not scatter themselves over the bazaar, in order to avoid competition, but collect in the same area, so that purchasers can know where to find them, and so that they can form a closely knit guild against injustice or persecution . In the cloth-market, for instance, all the sellers of material for clothes, curtains, chair covers and so on line the roadway on both sides, each open-fronted shop having a trestle trestle table for display and shelves for storage. Bargaining is the order of the cay, and veiled women move at a leisurely pace from shop to shop, selecting, pricing and doing a little preliminary bargaining before they narrow down their choice and begin the really serious business of beating the price down.
It is a point of honour with the customer not to let the shopkeeper guess what it is she really likes and wants until the last moment. If he does guess correctly, he will price the item high, and yield little in the bargaining. The seller, on the other hand, makes a point of protesting that the price he is charging is depriving him of all profit, and that he is sacrificing this because of his personal regard for the customer. Bargaining can go on the whole day, or even several days, with the customer coming and going at intervals .
One of the most picturesque and impressive parts of the bazaar is the copper-smiths' market. As you approach it, a tinkling and banging and clashing begins to impinge on your ear. It grows louder and more distinct, until you round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes, as the burnished copper catches the light of innumerable lamps and braziers . In each shop sit the apprentices – boys and youths, some of them incredibly young – hammering away at copper vessels of all shapes and sizes, while the shop-owner instructs, and sometimes takes a hand with a hammer himself. In the background, a tiny apprentice blows a bi-, charcoal fir e with a huge leather bellowsworked by a string attached to his big toe -- the red of the live coals glowing, bright and then dimming rhythmicallyto the strokes of the bellows.
Here you can find beautiful pots and bowls engrave with delicate and intricate traditional designs, or the simple, everyday kitchenware used in this country, pleasing in form, but undecorated and strictly functional. Elsewhere there is the carpet-market, with its profusion of rich colours, varied textures and regional designs -- some bold and simple, others unbelievably detailed and yet harmonious. Then there is the spice-market, with its pungentand exotic smells; and the food-market, where you can buy everything you need for the most sumptuous dinner, or sit in a tiny restaurant with porters and apprentices and eat your humble bread and cheese. The dye-market, the pottery-market and the carpenters' market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar. Every here and there, a doorway gives a glimpse of a sunlit courtyard, perhaps before a mosque or a caravanserai , where camels lie disdainfully chewing their hay, while the great bales of merchandise they have carried hundreds of miles across the desert lie beside them.
Perhaps the most unforgettable thing in the bazaar, apart from its general atmosphere, is the place where they make linseed oil. It is a vast, sombre cavern of a room, some thirty feet high and sixty feet square, and so thick with the dust of centuries that the mudbrick walls and vaulted roof are only dimly visible. In this cavern are three massive stone wheels, each with a huge pole through its centre as an axle. The pole is attached at the one end to an upright post, around which it can revolve, and at the other to a blind-folded camel, which walks constantly in a circle, providing the motive power to turn the stone wheel. This revolves in a circular stone channel, into which an attendant feeds linseed. The stone wheel crushes it to a pulp, which is then pressed to extract the oil .The camels are the largest and finest I have ever seen, and in superb condition – muscular, massive and stately.
The pressing of the linseed pulp to extract the oil is done by a vast ramshackle apparatus of beams and ropes and pulleys which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stone wheels. The machine is operated by one man, who shovels the linseed pulp into a stone vat, climbs up nimbly to a dizzy height to fasten ropes, and then throws his weight on to a great beam made out of a tree trunk to set the ropes and pulleys in motion. Ancient girders girders creak and groan , ropes tighten and then a trickle of oil oozes oozes down a stone runnel into a used petrol can. Quickly the trickle becomes a flood of glistening linseed oil as the beam sinks earthwards, taut and protesting, its creaks blending with the squeaking and rumbling of the grinding-wheels and the occasional grunts and sighs of the camels.
第一课
中东的集市
中东的集市仿佛把你带回到了几百年、甚至几千年前的时代。此时此刻显现在我脑海中的这个中东集市，其入口处是一座古老的砖石结构的哥特式拱门。你首先要穿过一个赤日耀眼、灼热逼人的大型露天广场，然后走进一个凉爽、幽暗的洞穴。这市场一直向前延伸，一眼望不到尽头，消失在远处的阴影里。赶集的人们络绎不绝地进出市场，一些挂着铃铛的小毛驴穿行于这熙熙攘攘的人群中，边走边发出和谐悦耳的叮当叮当的响声。市场的路面约有十二英尺宽，但每隔几码远就会因为设在路边的小货摊的挤占而变窄；那儿出售的货物各种各样，应有尽有。你一走进市场，就可以听到摊贩们的叫卖声，赶毛驴的小伙计和脚夫们大着嗓门叫人让道的吆喝声，还有那些想买东西的人们与摊主讨价还价的争吵声。各种各样的噪声此伏彼起，不绝于耳，简直叫人头晕。
随后，当往市场深处走去时，人口处的喧闹声渐渐消失，眼前便是清静的布市了。这里的泥土地面，被无数双脚板踩踏得硬邦邦的，人走在上面几乎听不到脚步声了，而拱形的泥砖屋顶和墙壁也难得产生什么回音效果。布店的店主们一个个都是轻声轻气、慢条斯理的样子；买布的顾客们在这种沉闷压抑的气氛感染下，自然而然地也学着店主们的榜样，变得低声细语起来。
中东集市的特点之一是经销同类商品的店家，为避免相互间的竞争，不是分散在集市各处，而是都集中在一块儿，这样既便于让买主知道上哪儿找他们，同时他们自己也可以紧密地联合起来，结成同盟，以便保护自己不受欺侮和刁难。例如，在布市上，所有那 1些卖衣料、窗帘布、椅套布等的商贩都把货摊一个接一个地排设在马路两边，每一个店铺门面前都摆有一张陈列商品的搁板桌和一些存放货物的货架。讨价还价是人们习以为常的事。头戴面纱的妇女们迈着悠闲的步子从一个店铺逛到另一个店铺，一边挑选一边问价；在她们缩小选择范围并开始正儿八经杀价之前，往往总要先同店主谈论几句，探探价底。
对于顾客来说，至关重要的一点是，不到最后一刻是不能让店主猜到她心里究竟中意哪样东西、想买哪样东西的。假如让店主猜中了她所要买的商品的话，他便会漫天要价，而且在还价过程中也很难作出让步。而在卖主那一方来说，他必须竭尽全力地声称，他开出的价钱使他根本无利可图，而他之所以愿意这样做完全是出于他本人对顾客的敬重。顾客有时来了又去，去了又来，因此，像这样讨价还价的情形有可能持续一整天，甚至好几天。
集市上最引人注目、给人印象最深刻的地方之一是铜器市场。你一走近这里，耳朵里便只听得见金属器皿互相碰击时所发出的一阵阵砰砰啪啪、丁丁当当的响声；走得越近，响声便越来越大，越来越清晰。直待你走到拐角处一转弯，眼前便出现了锃亮的铜器，它们映照着无数盏明灯和火盆，流光飞舞，有如仙境。每个铜匠铺子里都有几个徒工--他们都是一些男性青少年，其中有的年龄小得让人难以置信--在那里不停地锤打着一些形状各异、大小不一的铜器，而铺子的老板则在一旁指点着，有时也亲自操锤敲打几下。铺子的后边，还有一个小不点儿的徒工在那里用一根拴在大脚趾上的绳子鼓动着一个巨大的皮风箱，煽着一大炉炭火--燃烧着的木炭随着风箱的鼓动而有节奏地变得忽明忽暗。
在这里，你会看到许多精美的锅碗瓢盆，上面雕刻着各种精细复杂的传统图案，也能看到一些当地人日常使用的质朴无华的厨房用具，虽无花纹图案，但造形美观，经济实用。 再走一处便是地毯市场。这儿有各种质地的地毯，它们色彩斑炯，花纹图案富有地方特色--有的简单粗犷，有的精巧和谐得令人吃惊。再往前走便是香料市场，这里充满各种浓烈的异香奇味；接下来是食品市场，在这里，你可以买到豪华酒宴上所需的任何山珍海味，也可以与徒工、脚夫一道坐进小饭馆里去吃那不能登大雅之堂的面包和奶酪。集市里有棚顶的街巷纵横交错，有如一座迷宫，鳞次栉比地坐落其间的有印染市场、陶器市场和木器市场。随便走到哪儿，你都有可能透过某个门洞瞥见一个洒满阳光的庭院，那也许是个清真寺的院子，也许是个商旅客栈的院子。在那儿，总会有几头骆驼旁若无人地卧着嚼草料，而在骆驼的身边则总是堆放着它们穿越沙漠，从几百英里以外的地方驮运而来的大捆大捆的货物。
除了其给予人的总体印象外，集市中最令人难忘的地方恐怕要算是榨亚麻籽油的作坊了。那是一间约三十英尺高、六十英尺见方的屋子，空间阔大，但光线幽暗，犹如洞穴一般。其拱形屋顶及四面的泥砖墙壁因厚厚地覆盖着数百年积下的灰尘而变得模糊难辨。屋内有三个大石磙，每个石磙上都有一根粗木杆从中心穿过，作为磙轴，磙轴的一端与一根立柱相连，使石磙可以绕立柱作旋转运动，另一端则套在一头蒙着眼罩的骆驼身上，通过骆驼不停地绕圈子走动来带动石磙旋转。石磙沿着一个环形石槽作圆周运动，石槽旁边有一人专门负责往槽里装亚麻籽。亚麻籽先由石磙碾成浆，然后再拿去榨油。油坊的骆驼是我见过的骆驼中最大最好的，而且体格健壮无比--肌肉发达，身躯伟岸，气宇轩昂。
榨油工序是由一套摇摇欲坠的机械装置来完成的。该装置由大梁、缆索和滑轮组合而成，犹如一座高塔耸立在屋中，上端直与拱形屋顶相接。相形之下，油坊里的骆驼和石磙便显得矮小起来。这套装置是由一个人操作的。他先将亚麻籽浆铲入一只大石缸里，继而动作利索地爬上令人头晕目眩的高处系牢缆索，然后全身使劲压在一根用树干做成的粗大的横梁上，带动缆索的滑轮装置运转。古木大梁压得嘎吱作响，缆索开始绷紧，接着便见一滴滴的油沿着一条石槽流入一只废旧汽油桶里。随着大梁越压越低，缆索越绷越紧，大梁的嘎吱声，石磙的辘辘声，以及骆驼不时发出的咕噜咕噜的呼吸声和叹息声响成一片，榨出的油也很快地由涓滴细流变成了一股晶莹发亮、奔腾不止的洪流。
(选自《高级阅读与欣赏》，1962)
词汇(Vocabulary)
Bazaar (n.) : (in Oriental countries)a market or street of shops and stalls(东方国家的)市场，集市
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cavern (n．) : a cave，esp．a large cave洞穴，山洞(尤指大洞穴，大山洞)
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shadowy (adj.) : dim；indistinct模糊的；朦胧的
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FONT style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: cornflowerblue" color=white>harmonious (adj．) : having musical tones combined to give a pleasing effect；consonant(音调)和谐的，悦耳的／harmoniously adv．
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throng (n.) :a great number of people gathered together；crowd人群；群集
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conceivable (adj.) : that can be conceived，imagined 可想象的，想得到的
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din (n.) : a loud，continuous noise喧闹声，嘈杂声
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would-be ( adj．) : intended to be预期成为……的；将要成为……的
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muted (adj.) : (of a sound)made softer than is usual(声音)减弱的
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vaulted ( adj．) : having the form of a vault；arched穹窿形的；拱形的
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sepulchral(n．) : a cave，esp．a large cave洞穴，山洞(尤指大洞穴，大山洞)
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shadowy (adj.) : suggestive of the grave or burial；dismal；gloomy坟墓般的；阴森森的
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guild ( n．) : any association for mutual aid and the promotion of common interests互助会；协会
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trestle (n.) :a frame consising of a horizontal beam fastened to two pairs of spreading legs，used to support planks to form a table，platform，etc．支架；脚手台架；搁凳
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impinge (v．) : strike，hit，or dash；have an effect撞击，冲击，冲撞；对……具有影响
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fairyland (n.) : the imaginary land where the fairies live；a lovely enchanting place仙境；奇境
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burnish ( v．) : make or become shiny by rubbing；polish擦亮；磨光；抛光
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brazier ( n.) : a metal pan，bowl，etc．，to hold burning coals or charcoal，as for warming a room or grilling food火盆；火钵
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dim ( v．) :make or grow unclear(使)变暗淡；(使)变模糊
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rhythmic /rhythmical ( adj．) :having rhythm有韵律的；有节奏的／rhythmically adv
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bellows ( n.) :(sing．&p1.)a device that produces a stream of air through a narrow tube when its sides are pressed together(used for blowing fires，etc．)(单复同)风箱
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intricate ( adj．) :complex；hard to follow or understand because full of puzzling parts，details，or relationships；full of elaborate detail错综复杂的；精心制作的
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exotic ( adj．) :strange or different in a way that is striking or fascinating奇异的；异常迷人的
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sumptuous ( adj．) :involving great expense；costly lavish豪华的；奢侈的；昂贵的
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maze ( n.) :
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( n.) :a confusing，intricate network of winding pathways 迷津；迷宫；曲径
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honeycomb ( v．) :fill with holes like a honeycomb使成蜂窝状
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mosque ( n.) :a Moslem temple or place of worship清真寺；伊斯兰教堂
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caravanserai ／caravansery ( n.) :in the Orient．a kind of inn with a large central court，where caravans stop for the night东方商队(或旅行队)的客店
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disdainful ( n.) :feeling or expressing disdain；scornful and aloof；proud轻视的，轻蔑的；傲慢的／disdainfully adv．
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bale ( n.) :a large bundle大包，大捆
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linseed ( n.) :the seed of flax亚麻籽
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somber ( adj．) :dark and gloomy or dull阴沉的；昏暗的
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pulp ( n.) :a soft，moist，formless mass that sticks together浆
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ramshackle ( adj．) :1ikely to fall to pieces；shaky要倒塌似的，摇摇欲坠的 ．
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dwarf ( v．) :make small or insignificant；make seem small in comparison使矮小；使无足轻重；使(相形之下)显得渺小；使相形见绌
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vat ( n.) :a large tank，tub，or cask for holding liquids大缸；大桶
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nimble ( adj．) :moving or acting quickly and lightly灵活的；敏捷的／nimbly adv．
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girder ( n.) :a large beam，usually horizontal，of timber or steel．for supporting the joists of a floor，the framework of a building．the superstructure of a bridge，etc•大梁
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trickle ( n.) :a slow，small flow细流；涓流
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ooze ( v．) :flow or leak out slowly，as through very small holes 渗出；慢慢地流
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runnel ( n.) :runnel a small stream；little brook or rivulet；a small channel or watercourse小溪；小沟；小槽
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glisten (v．) :shine or sparkle with reflected light, as a wet or polished surface；flash(湿的表面或光滑面)反光；闪耀，闪光
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taut ( adj．) :tightly stretched，as a rope(绳子等)拉紧的，绷紧的
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短语 (Expressions)
thread one’s way: move through carefully or slowly，changing direc- tion frequenfly as moving小心，缓慢地挤过(不断地改变方向)
例： Slowly she threaded her way back through the moving mass of people．她慢慢挤过熙熙攘攘的人群往回走。
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follow suit: to do the same as someone else has done赶潮流，学样
例： Many young girls are fond of following suit at present．时下许多年轻女孩热衷于赶潮流。
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narrow down: reduce the number of缩小(范围，数字等)
例： Please narrow down the topic of your speech to avoid waste of time．请缩小你讲话的主题以免浪费时间。
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beat down: bargain with(seller)，causing seller to lower price(与卖主)往下砍价
例： It is necessary to know how to beat down the price when bar- gaining．在与卖主讲价时应该知道怎样压价。
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make a point of: regard or treat it as necessary认为……是必要的
例： The teachers make a point of setting strict demands on the students．老师们认为为学生制定严格的要求是很必要的
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take a hand: join to help帮助，帮忙
例： When you meet troubles we are gladt0 take a hand ourselves．当你遇到困难时我们愿意帮助你。
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throw one’s weight on to (sth．): use all one’s strength to press down使劲压在(某物)上
例： he doctor throws his weight on t0 the patient’s chest，but it does not work．医生使尽全身力气压住病人的胸口，但是无济于事。
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set…in motion: set sth．going；launch使…一运动，移动
例： Before the gasoline is discovered，people use diesel oil to set the engine in motion．在发现汽油之前，人们使用柴油来发动引擎。
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