常春藤解析英语【64】Got Hard Bread and Cheese? Fondu（在线收听）

Got Hard Bread and Cheese? Fondue Is for You!　瑞士火锅知多少

by Luke Dodds

In the rugged mountains of 18th-century Switzerland, winters could be bitterly cold and last many months.The residents of Canton Neuchatel _(1)_ a clever way to make those difficult months a lot more delicious.

At that time, most food in Switzerland was produced during the summer and fall, and large _(2)_ of easily-preserved food like bread, cheese, and wine had to be stockpiled to be eaten during the winter months. That worked well _(3)_, but after being stored for long periods, the cheese became rock solid, and the bread became so hard that it had to be _(4)_ with an ax.

With brick-like food and cold bodies, the Swiss would gather around a pot _(5)_ over a stove and toss in the hard cheese with some wine and local spices. Mixing the cheese and wine over the heat produced a rich, creamy sauce. The hard bread was dipped into the sauce and quickly made soft and delicious. The word fondue _(6)_ the French word for "to melt."

The idea spread throughout Europe, and numerous local varieties _(7)_ incorporating local cheeses and spices. However, people found the traditional _(8)_ so tasty that even after modern storage techniques were invented, they continued to indulge in it.

French peasants working in vineyards also created their own version. They dipped chunks of uncooked meat into _(9)_ oil and then dipped the meat into other sauces that often included melted cheese. American tourists discovered the dish in the 1950s, and it became widely popular in the US.

Chocolate fondue is a modern adaptation in _(10)_ chocolate is heated, liquefied, and sometimes cycled through a fountain. Lucky diners dip pieces of fruit in the melted chocolate for a truly delectable treat. Yummy!

(A) which 　　　(B) chopped 　　(C) hanging　　　(D) recipe 　　　(E) sprang up
(F) enough　　　(G) quantities　　(H) devised　　　(I) boiling　　　(J) comes from

原来如此

1. The residents of Canton Neuchatel devised a clever way to make those difficult months a lot more delicious.
理由:
a. 空格前有主词 The residents（居民），空格后有名词词组 a clever way（聪明的方法），且根据上下文时态得知，空格内应置入过去式及物动词或过去式及物动词词组。
b. 符合上述条件的选项有 (B) chopped（切开，劈开）、(E) sprang up（出现），以及 (H) devised（想出；发明）。但仅 (H) 置入后符合语意，表『想出』聪明的方法，故为正选。
c. devise vt. 想出；发明
例: The terrorists devised a plan to bomb the embassy.
（恐怖分子想出一个炸毁该大使馆的计划。）

2. ..., and large quantities of easily-preserved food like bread, cheese, and wine had to be stockpiled to be eaten during the winter months.
理由:
a. 本空格测试下列固定用法：
large quantities of + 不可数名词　　大量的……
= a large quantity of + 不可数名词
例: The police found a large quantity of heroin in the man's suitcase.
（警方在那名男子的手提箱内发现大量的海洛因。）
b. 根据上述，可知 (G) quantities 为正选。

3. That worked well enough, but after being stored for long periods, the cheese became rock solid, ...
理由:
a. 空格前有副词 well，因此空格内应置入副词，以修饰 well。
b. 符合上述条件的选项仅有 (F) enough（足够地），置入后亦符合语意，故选之。

4. ..., and the bread became so hard that it had to be chopped with an ax.
理由:
a. 空格前有原形 be 动词，得知应置入现在分词或过去分词，以形成进行式或被动式。
b. 符合上述条件的选项有 (B) chopped（被切开，被劈开）、(C) hanging（悬挂），以及 (I) boiling（煮沸，烧开），但仅 (B) 置入后符合语意，故选之。

5. With brick-like food and cold bodies, the Swiss would gather around a pot hanging over a stove and toss in the hard cheese with some wine and local spices.
理由:
a. 空格前已是完整句，故知应置入现在分词或过去分词，形成分词词组，作形容词用，修饰空格前的名词 pot（锅子）。
b. 符合上述条件的选项有 (C) hanging（悬挂）和 (I) boiling（煮沸，烧开），但只有 (C) 置入后符合语意，故选之。
c. hang over... 　　吊在∕悬挂在……（之上）
例: The bat hung over the fruit as it ate it.
（那只蝙蝠倒吊在水果上啃食。）
d. 原句分析如下；
..., the Swiss would gather around a pot hanging over a stove and toss in...
= ..., the Swiss would gather around a pot that hung over a stove and toss in...
（……，瑞士人会将锅子挂在火炉上并围在旁边，把……丢进……）

6. The word fondue comes from the French word for "to melt."
理由:
a. 空格前有主词 The word fondue，空格后是名词词组 the French word for "to melt"，可知应置入 be 动词、及物动词或及物动词词组。
b. 选项中仅有 (J) comes from（始于；来自）符合上述条件，置入后亦符合语意，故选之。
c. come from...　　始于∕来自……
例: These quotations come from Shakespeare's works.
（这几段引言来自莎士比亚的作品。）

7. The idea spread throughout Europe, and numerous local varieties sprang up incorporating local cheeses and spices.
理由:
a. 空格前为有主词 The idea（概念）和过去式动词 spread（散布，传开）的完整句，且有对等连接词 and，以及另一主词 numerous local varieties（许多当地的种类），可知应置入过去式不及物动词或过去式不及物动词词组，以形成另一个句子。
b. 符合上述条件的仅有选项 (E) sprang up（出现），置入后亦符合语意，故选之。
c. spring up　　（如雨后春笋般）出现，冒出
例: Sushi trains are springing up all over town.
（旋转寿司如雨后春笋般在镇上各地出现。）

8. However, people found the traditional recipe so tasty that even after modern storage techniques were invented, they continued to indulge in it.
理由:
a. 空格前有形容词 traditional（传统的），可知空格应置入名词或动名词以供修饰。
b. 符合上述条件的选项有 (D) recipe（配方；食谱）和 (I) boiling（煮沸），但只有 (D) 置入后符合语意，故选之。

9. They dipped chunks of uncooked meat into boiling oil and then dipped the meat into other sauces that often included melted cheese.
理由:
a. 空格前有介词 into，之后有名词 oil（油），可知空格应置入形容词来修饰 oil。
b.符合上述条件的选项仅剩 (I) boiling（滚烫的），置入后亦符合语意，故选之。

10. Chocolate fondue is a modern adaptation in which chocolate is heated, liquefied, and sometimes cycled through a fountain.
理由:
a. 空格前后为完整的子句，且空格前有介词 in，故知应置入关系代名词以引导形容词子句，修饰其前的名词 a modern adaptation（= chocolate fondue）。
b. 符合上述条件的选项仅有 (A) which，置入后符合用法，故选之。

文法一点灵

＊ The residents of Canton Neuchatel devised a clever way to make those difficult months a lot more delicious.
（诺夏特邦的居民想出聪明的办法，让自己可以在艰困的月份吃得更美味。）

注意:
上述句中的 a lot 用来修饰其后的比较级形容词 more delicious（更美味）。可用来修饰比较级形容词或副词的计有下列六个副词：
far、much、a lot、a great deal、still 和 even。
例: She speaks English much more fluently than I do.
（她英语讲得比我流利多了。）

精解字词词组

1. bitterly adv. 非常地；严厉地
bitterly cold　　极其寒冷的
例: The new law was bittely criticized by various groups.
（这条新法律遭各界团体严厉抨击。）

2. toss vt. 抛，扔，投
例: The referee tossed the ball in the air to start off the basketball game.
（裁判把篮球抛向空中让双方跳球开始比赛。）

3. mix A and B　　将 A 与 B 混和在一起
例: Never mix alcohol with painkillers, or they'll do more harm than good.
（千万不要把酒类及止痛药混合服用，那样做有害而无益。）

4. incorporate vt. 包含；并入
incorporate A into B　　把 A 并入 B 中
例: The artist's work incorporated realism and impressionism.
（那位艺术家的作品包含了写实主义与印象派画风。）
例: We will incorporate your idea into this new product.
（我们会把你的点子纳入这项新产品中。）

5. indulge in...　　沉溺于∕放纵于……
例: Don't indulge in online games.
（不要沉溺于网络游戏。）

6. adaptation n. 改编；改造
adapt vt. 改编；改造
be adapted from...　　由……改编
例: This soundtrack is basically adapted from Bach's works.
（这张原声带基本上是改编自巴哈的作品。）

单字小铺

1. fondue n. 瑞士火锅
2. rugged a. 崎岖的
3. easily-preserved a. 易于保存的
4. stockpile vt. 贮存
5. solid a. 固体的 & n. 固体
6. ax n. 斧头
7. brick-like a. 如砖块般的
8. spice n. 香料
9. sauce n. 调味酱；酱汁
10. dip vt. 浸，沾
11. melt vi. & vt. 融化，溶化
12. numerous a. 许多的
13. variety n. 种类
14. storage n. 贮存，贮藏
15. peasant n. 农夫
16. vineyard n. 葡萄园
17. chunk n. 大块
18. liquefy vt. 使溶解；使液化
19. cycle vi. 循环
20. fountain n. 喷泉
21. diner n. 用餐者
22. delectable a. 美味的
23. yummy a. 好吃的，美味的

中文翻译＆标准答案

18 世纪时瑞士崎岖的山里，冬季往往一连好几个月天气严寒。诺夏特邦的居民想出聪明的办法，让自己在艰困的月份吃得更美味。当时瑞士的食物大多产于夏秋两季，而像面包、奶酪和红酒等容易保存的食物，就得大量贮存以备冬天食用。这办法相当可行，但存放太久的奶酪变得像石头一样硬，面包也硬得必须用斧头才能劈开。硬得像砖块的食物再加上冻得发僵的身体，瑞士人将锅子挂在火炉上并围在旁边，把硬梆梆的奶酪丢进锅里，再加上些许葡萄酒和当地的香料。加热后的葡萄酒和奶酪融合成浓稠的酱汁。把硬梆梆的面包浸在酱汁里，很快就变得又软又好吃。fondue 一字在法文中就是 melt（融化）的意思。

这种方式传遍全欧洲，而且各地方还因地制宜运用当地的奶酪和香料，而有许多不同种类的火锅出现。即使现代已发明出储存食物的技术，大家发现还是这种传统的吃法最美味，并对其恋恋不忘。法国葡萄园的果农也发明自己的吃法，他们将大块的生肉放在滚烫的热油中，接着浸在其它酱汁中，而这些酱汁通常都加了融化的奶酪。美国观光客在 50 年代发现这道佳肴，随后在美国也广受欢迎。

巧克力火锅是改良后的现代吃法，巧克力加热后融化，有时还会做成像喷泉一样不断循环涌出。幸福的食客将切块的水果浸入融化的巧克力中，就能享受到人间美味。嗯，真是好吃！

标准答案:
1. (H) 2. (G) 3. (F) 4. (B) 5. (C)　6. (J) 7. (E) 8. (D) 9. (I) 10. (A)