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LESSoN TEN (B)
TEXT B
Solving problems Scientifically
There are scientific ways in which man solves problems. once his curiosity has been aroused, he uses certain methods and procedures to obtain new knowledge and greater understanding. Although the methods are not always the same, there are usually certain elements in the procedures that are similar.
Recognizing the problem
problems must first of all be recognized. The right answers can be obtained only if the right questions are asked. A thoroughly understood problem is well started toward solution. problems arise in a variety of ways. Sometimes they grow out of a chance(无意，偶然) observation. They may result from reading, from laboratory experiments, or simply from thinking. They also may result from new developments or from new or different human needs. Today, for example, problems are arising from new discoveries in the fields of nuclear physics, biological engineering, and microelectronics. The development of industry has also brought about (导致，引起)large numbers of problems which have to be solved.
Collecting Information
Next, the scientist tries to learn as much as possible about it. often this means going to the library and studying books which contain accounts of mans experience and knowledge of the problem. This is called searching the literature.
The scientist may find that others have already solved all or a part of the problem. occasionally he finds answers to closely related questions, which give clues for solving the new one. In his search the scientist accumulates much background information. With these new ideas and facts he builds a firm foundation for solving the problem.
organizing the Information
After the scientist has finished this part of his work he will probably take the many facts which he has collected and organize them into some kind of system. This may be a logical classification or it may be a mathematical analysis. Usually the analysis will show unanswered questions. Sometimes it will suggest areas that are in need of further study. perhaps one of the most important results of such an analysis is that it indicates certain truths, which generally are called inferences.
Making a Hypothesis
In making an inference the scientist has built up a hypothesis. A hypothesis is only a best guess. It must next be tested.
If it is correct, then certain things should follow. This means if a particular experiment is carried out, certain observations ought to be possible or it should be possible to make certain predictions.
(If)Should the observations or predictions turn out to be as expected, the scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis. If, however, observations cannot be made or the predictions are unreliable, then the hypothesis will probably be given up or at least modified.
The Experiment
The hypothesis must check with(agree with) the facts. Scientific facts are usually established by work in the laboratory. Experiments have to be made under carefully controlled conditions. Thorough and accurate records must be kept.
In making certain kinds of experiments in science variables are used. A variable is something which has different values under different conditions. In one type of laboratory test all the variables but one are controlled. This method of testing is called controlled experimentation.
Up-to-date information;
Word-to-word translation;
Araise----arise
Raise---rise
You need to accumulate the experience.
Background----family background
Social background;
Working experience
You laid a firmsolid foundation for your exam.
Solution
Arise
Step
Get---gain---obtain
Biology
Engineer
Microscope-----telescope
Microwave
Cultural background
Logic ----- logical ----illogical
Mathematics-----math
Analyze
Show
Indication
Infer from-----inferable
predict----prediction---predictor
forecast
confident----self-confidence
revise
modification
exact---inexact
precise
vary----various
experiment----test
all kinds of ----all sorts of
be in line with ----- be out of line with
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