The author: discuss introduce argue conclude suggest recommend propose appeal

　　The speaker:

　　1.point out say tell

　　2.disagree disapprove refute rebut reject object to oppose counter

　　3.doubt question challenge

　　4.cite mention quote refer to

　　5.suggest put forward illustrate show explain

　　托福写作反驳关联套句

　　1.This directly contradicts what the passage indicates.

　　2.This is entirely oppose to the writer’s expectation.

　　3.This is where the speaker disagrees with the writer.

　　4.This was another part where experience contradicted theory.

　　5.not as the passage puts it, ….

　　托福写作指代文章信息的抽象名词：

　　1.reason cause basis ground motive motivation

　　2.example instance

　　3.evidence date fact proof basis foundation

　　4.explanation account

　　5.definition description clarification

　　托福写作指代讲座信息的抽象名词

　　1.studies researches

　　2.finding discovery

　　3.alternative explanation theory

　　4.counter-example counter-evidence

　　5.claim assertion