This is what the DIY and maker movements really look like.  这就是所谓的自己动手做和自造者运动。

And this is an analogy for today's construction and manufacturing world with brute-force assembly techniques.  这也是今日全球建筑和制造业的缩影：到处可见费尽蛮力的组装技术。

And this is exactly why I started studying how to program physical materials to build themselves. 这也是我为什么开始研究如何让物理材料根据特定程序来组装自己。

But there is another world. Today at the micro- and nanoscales, there's an unprecedented revolution happening.  但是，还有另外一个世界。如今在微观纳米级上，正在发生一场空前的革命。

And this is the ability to program physical and biological materials to change shape, change properties and even compute outside of silicon-based matter.  这就是通过编程使物理和生物材料改变形状、改变属性的能力，它的应用范围甚至超过了硅基物质。

There's even a software called cadnano that allows us to design three-dimensional shapes like nano robots or drug delivery systems  甚至已经有了一个叫cadnano的软件，我们可以用它来设计各种三維物体，比如纳米机器人或者药物传输系统，

and use DNA to self-assemble those functional structures. 以及利用DNA自我组装各种功能结构。

But if we look at the human scale, there's massive problems that aren't being addressed by those nanoscale technologies.  但是，如果我们再看宏观的人类社会生活，还有很多问题没有被这些纳米级技术解决。

If we look at construction and manufacturing, there's major inefficiencies, energy consumption and excessive labor techniques.  如果我们看看建筑业和制造业，有很多效率严重低下的地方，比如能源消耗和过多的人工技能需求。

In infrastructure, let's just take one example.  在基础设施方面，我们举个例子。

Take piping. In water pipes, we have fixed-capacity water pipes that have fixed flow rates, except for expensive pumps and valves.  比如说铺设管道。水管，我们的水管都是固定容积，固定流量的，除了昂贵的水泵和水阀以外。

We bury them in the ground. If anything changes -- if the environment changes, the ground moves, or demand changes -- we have to start from scratch and take them out and replace them. 我们把它们埋在地底下。如果有任何变动——比如环境变化，地基移动或者需求改变——我们就得从头再来，把它们挖出来再换新的。