2020年经济学人数字金融服务如何掠夺穷人(1)（打印版）

For those seeking to help the worst-off in poor countries, the mobile phone has been a magic wand.

对于那些想要帮助贫穷国家中最贫穷者的人来说，手机就像一根魔杖。

Mobile-money accounts have helped deliver "financial inclusion"—

移动货币账户帮助实现了“普惠金融”——

making financial services accessible to the tens of millions with a phone but no bank account. But they have downsides too.

使数千万没有银行账户的手机用户可以使用金融服务。但它们也有缺点。

The most obvious way digital financial services harm poor people is by laying them more open to fraud.

数字金融服务伤害穷人最明显的方式就是让他们更容易遭受欺诈。

Research from 2016 cited in a new report by the Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP),

扶贫协商小组（CGAP）——

a consortium of donors affiliated to the World Bank,

世界银行下属的一个捐赠财团，

found that in the Philippines 83% of people surveyed had been targets of mobile-phone scams, with 17% losing money.

发现在菲律宾，83%的受访者曾是手机诈骗的目标，其中17%遭受了损失。

In Tanzania, 27% had been targeted and 17% fleeced; in Ghana, 56% and 12%.

在坦桑尼亚，27%的人被盯上，17%被敲诈；在加纳，占比分别为56%和12%。

For the most basic deceptions, a thief needs only a phone number.

对于最基本的欺骗而言，小偷只需要一个电话号码。

A text message might offer congratulations on winning a prize, requiring only a small contribution to unlock it.

一条短信可能祝贺你中奖，而你只需要出一点钱就可以解锁奖励。

Your identity might be stolen to make you responsible for repaying a loan disbursed to somebody else.

你的身份可能会遭到盗窃以让你负责偿还别人的贷款。

An impersonator might steal your mobile-money account when registering a new SIM card.

冒名顶替者可能会在你注册新SIM卡时盗取你的移动货币账户。

Or your account's security code— the PIN—might be leaked by a mobile-money agent

或者你的账户安全码（PIN码）可能会被移动货币代理泄露

(one of the millions of small traders whose business includes turning mobile money into hard cash).

（货币代理是数百万个小型交易商之一，他们的业务包括将移动货币转化为现金）。

The poor may be especially susceptible to such scams.

穷人可能特别容易受到这种骗局的影响。

They are more likely to be relatively new both to the online world and to formal financial services.

他们可能会网络世界和正规金融服务相对了解较少。

And they are less likely to have smartphones with sophisticated security software.

并且他们也不太可能拥有装有复杂安全软件的智能手机。

It is not just money that can be stolen. So too can all the other data stored on a phone.

被偷走的不仅仅是钱。储存在手机上的所有其他数据都会被偷走。

Often, however, much has already been given away freely by its owners.

然而，通常情况下，很多东西已经被它的主人免费赠送出去了。

Many "free" apps are in fact paid for in customer data.

很多“免费的”应用实际上是以客户数据换取的。

In every country people gaily sign away their rights to privacy by clicking consent buttons

在每个国家，人们在没有理解甚至没有阅读同意协议的情况下，

without having understood or even read what they are agreeing to.

通过点击同意按钮愉快地签字放弃了他们的隐私权。