PBS高端访谈:气候变化未必是坏事（在线收听）

JUDY WOODRUFF: Mushroom hunters have fanned out across forest floors for hundreds of years searching for what can be lucrative and delicious finds. But is climate change affecting these fungi? From the Cronkite School of Journalism at Arizona State University, Melanie Porter found weather change, at least, isn't all bad news for these foragers.

WOMAN: It's like I said. It looks like it's a shallot.

MELANIE PORTER: A delicacy found on the forest floor only a mushroom lover would treasure.

WOMAN: These, usually, you need like a saw.

MELANIE PORTER: The Arizona Mushroom Society has a mission to provide educational and scientific opportunities for members to learn about mushrooms in a hands-on environment.

WOMAN: Just blow the spores.

MELANIE PORTER: The Society hosts dozens of workshops throughout the year.

MAN: Could turn out to be a four-hour, five-hour hike down the mountain.

MELANIE PORTER: Members also have the opportunity to trek to areas across Arizona to look for precious fungi.

FABIAN MONJE, Arizona Mushroom Society: It's the adult idea of a Easter egg hunt.

MELANIE PORTER: Mushrooms can be used in teas, broths and medicinal remedies.

WOMAN: These are bioluminescent.

MELANIE PORTER: But it takes a careful eye to determine which are poisonous and which are safe to eat. This group knows enough about mushroom species to understand not to eat them before they're properly identified.

WOMAN: This one, I believe we are calling Russula atroglauca.

MELANIE PORTER: And these mushrooms also bring balance to the forest.

FABIAN MONJE: The ecosystem, we need the mushrooms just like the bees need the flowers. The mushrooms provide the mycelium, the mycelium on the mushrooms, for the trees.

MELANIE PORTER: Fabian Monje is a foray leader for the Arizona Mushroom Society, and he's seen firsthand how mushrooms reflect a changing climate.

FABIAN MONJE: Mushrooms come and go with the season and how much rain we get. And we had a great winter. It could have had a very productive summer if it had continued. But, you know, you can't have it both times.

MELANIE PORTER: And while these mushroom hunters see climate change happening locally, research shows that, globally, fungi could adapt to the changing climate.

WOMAN: Beautiful.

MELANIE PORTER: One study from Spain found that wild mushrooms thrive when there are changes in temperatures and moisture across a growing season. In fact, they found climate change had no negative long-term effect on mushrooms. It actually helped produce more mushrooms by increasing their fruiting and growing season.

WOMAN: Underside of the gills are even brighter purple.

MELANIE PORTER: Based on the weather in this part of Arizona, foragers said this season was decent, but not the best.

RAY YOUNGHANS, Arizona Mushroom Society: Some years are definitely spottier than others. It has not been the juiciest year.

MELANIE PORTER: The study found that these forest gems do well in areas with more rain at the beginning of the season and warmer temperatures at the end, like some Arizona mountains.

FABIAN MONJE: Every monsoon season is different in different areas. But that time is a very small frame and a very small window.

MELANIE PORTER: Mushroom hunters are taking advantage of this window of opportunity by hitting the trails all around the state.

WOMAN: Mmm, delicacy.

MELANIE PORTER: They're hopeful that the mushroom crop will continue to be fruitful.

ELIZABETH BILODEAU, Arizona Mushroom Society: We are just hoping that our season still isn't over yet. When the temperatures start to drop, the mushrooms hide.

MELANIE PORTER: But they're prepared to say goodbye to these delicacies until next season. For the PBS NewsHour, I'm Melanie Porter with Cronkite News in Tucson, Arizona.

JUDY WOODRUFF: Who knew? A benefit from climate change. There you have it.

朱迪·伍德拉夫：过去数百年来，寻找蘑菇的人们都会在森林地面上散布开来，寻找这种又美味又能让他们盈利的植物。但气候变化是否会影响蘑菇的生存呢？我台记者梅勒妮·波特从亚利桑那州立大学克朗凯特新闻学院发回的她关于天气变化的发现——至少对于这些搜寻植物的对象来说并不全是坏消息。

女：就像我说过的那样，它看起来就像一根葱一样。

梅勒妮·波特：我们在森林地面上发现了一个只有蘑菇爱好者会珍惜的珍奇异物。

女：挖取这些东西的话，需要一把锯子。

梅勒妮·波特：亚利桑那州蘑菇协会有一项使命是提供教育机会和科学机会给那些在实际场景中了解蘑菇的成员。

女：吹一下孢子就行啦。

梅勒妮·波特：该协会每年都会举办多次研讨会。

男：有时候，研讨会的形式可能是沿着山路徒步走四五个小时。

梅勒妮·波特：成员们还有机会跋涉亚利桑那州各地，寻找宝贵的菌类。

费边·富宾恩，亚利桑那州蘑菇协会成员：寻找复活节彩色蛋是成年人的想法。

梅勒妮·波特：蘑菇可以用在茶、肉汤、草药中。

女：他们都会生物性发光的作用。

梅勒妮·波特：但需要仔细鉴别才能判断出哪些是有毒的，哪些是安全可食用的。这个去听你对蘑菇这个物种了解的足够多，所以他们知道在准确鉴别之前是不能食用的。

女：这个，我觉得我们称它为褪绿红菇。

梅勒妮·波特：这些蘑菇给这片森林带来了平衡。

费边·富宾恩：生态系统需要蘑菇，这就像蜜蜂需要鲜花一样。蘑菇提供为树木提供菌丝。

梅勒妮·波特：费边·富宾恩是该协会尝试小分队的负责人，他曾亲身经历过蘑菇反应气候变化的方式。

费边·富宾恩：蘑菇会随着季节、降雨量的变化而变化。如果冬天很冷的话，夏天产量就会很高。但两者不可兼得，你懂的。

梅勒妮·波特：虽然这些寻找蘑菇的人在本地注意到了气候的变化，但研究表明，在全球范围内，蘑菇可以适应气候变化。

女：好漂亮呀。

梅勒妮·波特：西班牙的一项研究发现，在蘑菇生长的季节，当温度和湿度发生变化的时候，蘑菇就会生长的很茂盛。实际上，他们发现，气候变化对蘑菇没有长期的负面影响。实际上，气候变化还助力提高了蘑菇的产量，因为气候变化增加了生成的果实，也延长了生长季。

女：菌褶的下面是更深的紫色。

梅勒妮·波特：根据亚利桑那州该地区的天气，搜寻植物的这些人表示，这个季节还可以，但不是最好的情况。

雷·扬翰，亚利桑那州蘑菇协会：有的年份，蘑菇生长的量更多一些，但今年不是收成最高的一年。

梅勒妮·波特：该研究发现，这些森林里钻石一般存在的蘑菇，如果生长季开始降雨量大、生长季末尾温度更高的话，产量就会更高，比如在亚利桑那州的一些山区里。

费边·富宾恩：每个季风季节在不同地区都是不同的。但这段时间是很短的。

梅勒妮·波特：寻找蘑菇的人要充分利用这短暂时间的机会，在该州各地寻找蘑菇。

女：蘑菇就是珍奇异物。

梅勒妮·波特：他们希望蘑菇的收成能一直好下去。

伊丽莎白·比洛多，亚利桑那蘑菇协会：我们只是希望生长季还没结束。等气温开始降低的时候，蘑菇就会躲起来了。

梅勒妮·波特：但他们已经准备好跟这些蘑菇说再见了，要等到下个生长季再见了。感谢收听梅勒妮·波特从亚利桑那州的图森发回的《新闻一小时》，我来自克朗凯特新闻。

朱迪·伍德拉夫：所以说，气候变化未必都是坏处，真是难以预料呀，就像今天节目介绍的这样。