美国国家公共电台 NPR 俄罗斯与土耳其达成协议 叙利亚实现停火（在线收听）

There is a cease-fire in Syria. Turkish forces have been fighting the Syrian regime, which is supported by Russia. So it is those two countries, Turkey and Russia, that have called the break in the violence around Idlib. The latest fighting there has pushed more than a million Syrian civilians toward the border with Turkey, which is currently closed. And U.N. officials say this is the biggest humanitarian disaster in the world right now. NPR's Jane Arraf joins us from near the Turkey-Syria border. Jane, good morning. What does it look like, feel like? Is the cease-fire holding?

叙利亚实现停火。土耳其军队一直在对抗俄罗斯支持的叙利亚政权。正是土耳其和俄罗斯这两个国家叫停了伊利德卜省附近的暴力活动。最近的冲突将100余万名叙利亚平民推向叙利亚与土耳其的边境，目前这一边境已经关闭。联合国官员表示，这是目前世界上最严重的人道主义灾难。NPR新闻的简·阿拉夫将从土耳其和叙利亚边境和我们连线。简，早上好。现在情况怎么样？停火能否持续下去？

JANE ARRAF, BYLINE: Good morning, Rachel. Yeah, it does seem to be. Syrian opposition monitors report there are no airstrikes from either side. It was Russian President Vladimir Putin and the Turkish president, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, in Moscow yesterday who hammered out this agreement to stop the fighting in northwest Syria. And there's a lot at stake for all these countries. It's been nine years of war. And Idlib province, across the border, it's the last opposition-held territory that Syria is fighting to reclaim. So what's happening now is being described as a tense calm.

简·阿拉夫连线：早上好，雷切尔。看起来是如此。叙利亚反对派监督员报告称，两方都没有发动空袭。昨天，俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔·普京与土耳其总统雷杰普·塔伊普·埃尔多安在莫斯科敲定了这项协议，目的是停止叙利亚西北部地区的冲突。这些国家都面临很多风险。这是一场持续了9年的战争。伊利德卜省位于边境附近，这是叙利亚正在努力收回的最后一个反对派控制的领土。因此，目前的形势可以用紧张的平静来形容。

MARTIN: All right. So the biggest concern here is the humanitarian situation, obviously. Can you just describe the conditions people have been living in?

马丁：好。现在最大的担忧显然是叙利亚的人道主义局势。你能描述一下目前人们的生活环境吗？

ARRAF: Yes. This is a region, of course, that's used to a lot of upheaval, a lot of displacement, a lot of suffering on the part of children, families. This, by all accounts, has been just such a large-scale disaster. The big concern is shelter. There were children who literally froze to death, died of hypothermia. Thousands, in fact, are sleeping out in the open. There are dozens of hospitals and health centers that are no longer operating. Some of them were hit by airstrikes. There's hardly any sanitation. There isn't any sign yet of the coronavirus, but there are fears that it could start.

阿拉夫：好。当然，这个地区已经对大量的动荡、流离失所、孩童和家庭的痛苦习以为然。大家一致认为这是一场大规模的灾难。最大的问题是避难所。真的有孩子被冻死、因体温过低而死亡的情况。事实上，有数千人露宿街头。数十家医院和医疗中心已经停止运营。其中一些遭遇了空袭。现在几乎没有任何卫生设施。尽管现在这里还没有任何冠状病毒的迹象，但人们担心可能会出现。

I spoke with a senior U.N. official, Mark Cutts, the deputy regional humanitarian coordinator for the Syria crisis. And he says this cease-fire is a good start, but he says even if it holds, the suffering isn't over.

我采访了联合国高级官员、叙利亚危机区域副人道主义协调员马克·卡茨。他表示，停火是好的开始，但他也指出，即使停火能持续下去，痛苦也未结束。

MARK CUTTS: Well, unfortunately, it's going to take a long time to rebuild. We're not going to see people immediately being able to return to their areas. Many of them come from towns and villages that have now been completely demolished. We have a very difficult period ahead.

马克·卡茨：不幸的是，重建需要花费很长时间。我们不会看到人们能马上重返家园。许多人的家乡城镇和村庄现在已经完全被毁。我们要经历一段非常艰难的时期。

ARRAF: So there's nowhere else, basically, for these civilians to go. They're trying to get away from airstrikes and attacks, and that's why they're pushed up against this border with Turkey. Here's Mark Cutts again.

阿拉夫：基本上来说，这些平民现在无处可去。他们正试图逃离空袭和袭击，这就是他们被迫北上前往土耳其边境的原因。下面再来听听马克·卡茨的说法。

CUTTS: These people are really now trying to get to a safe place. But Turkey is not taking in more refugees. There's a wall that they cannot cross, and they are stranded in a war zone. These are 3 million people who are trapped in a war zone.

卡茨：这些人现在正努力前往安全地区。但是土耳其已经不再接收难民。因为有一道他们无法越过的边境墙，所以他们被困在了战区。现在有300万人被困在战区。

ARRAF: And some of these people, they've been displaced, like, five and six times.

阿拉夫：其中一些人已经流离失所了五六次。

MARTIN: Right. Jane, we've heard the stories about the migrants who are currently sitting at the border between Turkey and Greece; they can't get into Greece, and Turkey doesn't want them. I mean, now when you take into account all these other potential refugees, I mean, where are they going to go?

马丁：好。简，我们听说过一些移民的故事，他们现在坐在土耳其与希腊的边界，他们无法进入希腊，土耳其也不想接收他们。考虑一下其他潜在的难民，他们要去哪里？

ARRAF: That is the question that's so complicated and so grim because, in nine years of war, almost 4 million Syrian refugees have fled to Turkey, and most of them are living in towns and cities where there is already a lot of poverty. So Turkey wants them out. It invaded Syria in October with the intention of pushing at least some of them back across the border. But as the U.N. says, these people won't be able to go back; their homes are destroyed — so the homes destroyed, agricultural lands destroyed.

阿拉夫：这是一个极为复杂和严峻的问题，因为在这场持续9年的战争中，有近400万叙利亚难民逃到土耳其，其中大多数现在生活在本就严重贫困的城市。因此，土耳其想让他们离开。土耳其在去年10月入侵叙利亚，目的是将至少部分难民推回叙利亚。但正如联合国所说，这些人无法返回叙利亚，他们的家园已经被毁——家园被摧毁，农田也被摧毁。

MARTIN: Yeah.

马丁：好。

ARRAF: They're looking at a very, very tough time ahead.

阿拉夫：他们正面临一段极为艰难的时期。

MARTIN: NPR's Jane Arraf. Thank you, Jane.

马丁：以上是NPR新闻的简·阿拉夫带来的报道。谢谢你，简。

ARRAF: Thank you.

阿拉夫：谢谢。