英国新闻听力 智利奇迹（在线收听）

彼得·德本周发回的报道是关于南美洲的一个国家，它被许多邻国看作是整个拉丁美洲大陆的榜样，其影响甚至可能波及更远的地区。

注释：

regime n. 政体，政权，政权制度

coup n. 砰然而有效的一击，妙计，出乎意料的行动，政变

expenditure n. 支出，花费

plummet vi. 垂直落下

recession n. 撤回，退回，退后，工商业之衰退，不景气

consolidation n. 巩固，合并

polarization n. [物]偏振（现象），极化（作用），两极化，分化

geology n. 地质学，地质概况

tariff n. 关税，关税表，税则，（旅馆，饭店等的）价目表、价格表

boutique n. 专卖流行衣服的小商店

premium n. 额外费用，奖金，奖赏，保险费，（货币兑现的）贴水

venture n. 冒险，投机，风险

entrepreneur n. <法> 企业家，主办人

niche adj. 瞄准机会的

incentive n. 动机

commute v. 每天（乘火车）往返上班；定期往返于两地间

kiosk n. 亭子

jaguar n. 美洲虎

cub n. 幼兽，不懂规矩的年轻人

kitten n. 小猫，小动物

mushroom vi. 迅速生长，迅速增加，采蘑菇

Chile Miracle

Announcer: Now on BBC Radio Four, it's time for IN BUSINESS. This week Peter Day reports from South America on a country seen by many of its neighbours as an example to the whole continent … and perhaps even further afield.

(ACTUALITY - PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION)

Day: Heartfelt thanks to her supporters from the new President of Chile, Michelle Bachehelet, after she was elected last month. The country has seen very big changes since the new President was a child during the military regime of the 1970s - the military regime that tortured her parents. Chile today is Latin America's star economic performer, but Ms Bachehelet's new government will almost certainly pick up at least one legacy from those now distant 1970s.

Bayer: The military coup was in 1973. This brought huge changes in the economic policy mainly and a huge reduction in social expenditures. This was more or less a very authoritarian constitution. Now we have a new constitution, which is much more democratic. And then we have expanded; our economy has grown very fast.

(MUSIC)

Day: Harald Bayer of Estudios Publicos - the Centre for Public Studies - in the Chilean capital, Santiago. He has just become government minister for public works. And it's that apparent Chilean miracle we're going to be looking at in this In Business. The country has had a roller coaster ride over the past three decades. President Pinochet's military government embraced a free market economy, a complete contrast from Allende's Marxist rule, which it overthrew in a coup. Pinochet slashed government spending, privatised state companies, tried to attract foreign investors. In response, unemployment soared, wages plummeted, people became poorer. But by the end of the 1970s, there were signs of economic growth. It felt like a boom until 1982. Then came more trouble: Chile was caught up in the Latin American debt crisis, inducing a huge recession. The Pinochet government, despite unrest, pressed on with its embrace of the free market: more privatisation, reduced taxes. This brought eventual economic stability, and these same policies were adopted when the first democratically elected government took office in 1990. And Chile still seems to be a place where the free market seems to work. I asked the economist Harald Bayer what he thought were the main aspects of Chile's success today, an economic achievement admired across the whole of Latin America?

Bayer: Consolidation of democracy, a broad agreement between political sectors about the path of development; this is one of the aspects. Then the other aspect is that this is a very market oriented economy, very friendly for investment, very friendly for new firms coming from abroad. And the third aspect is social expenditures have increased a lot - so if you look the last fifteen years, for example, the increase has been 175% in social expenditures. This has helped a lot building an inclusive social policy, which is third aspect of the Chilean success.

Day: And politically this has given democracy a hold on the country, has it - the fact that social spending was there, the fact that people felt better than they had done in the chaos of the past?

Bayer: Yuh, that's true. Around 70% of the people in Chile are happy with the way that things are going in Chile. So they know that there are a lot of problems, but more or less they are happy with the path of the Chilean democracy and the Chilean economy.

Day: Is it because of those shocks that people learnt a lesson from the swings between Left and Right?

Bayer: Chile has been traditionally a very polarised country during the 20th century with a lot of problems and then a military coup where people suffered a lot - so given that experience, given that polarisation people have planned a lot and there is a huge demand for agreement in the country. So political leaders feel that they need to agree the lot in order to continue the success of the country.

Day: Chile's geography - and geology - are important reasons for its success. The country has a wealth of natural resources dotted along this almost 3,000 mile sliver between the Andes and the Pacific. Of its total exports, 40 percent is still copper. And now, says Harald Bayer, Chilean companies are learning how to add value to the things they produce.

Bayer: The free trade agreement with Europe and with the US are helping a lot in that sense because it's a very competitive economy and experts are growing very rapidly not only in the natural resources oriented exports like copper or forestry, but also manufacturing and basically food. Our exports in food are increasing very, very quickly.

Day: So is the economy opening up? It was a closed economy in the past and now exports are developing. They were always potentially there, but they were never done.

Bayer: For example, thirty years ago the average tariff in Chile was 125%. Currently the average tariff is 2.6%, so we are a very open economy.

Zanetta: If you look at the moment, Casablanca you know has a lot of development. If you were here fifteen years ago, there was no single vineyard.

Day: Driving down the Casablanca Valley an hour and a half west from Santiago the investments along a new motorway are startling.

(ACTUALITY - WINERY TOUR)

Day: This winery, Casas Del Bosque has been set up by one of Chile's most successful businessmen, Juan Cunio. It's a long-term investment to make a 'boutique' premium wine. The general manager Hugo Zanetta explains that as Chilean wines grow in reputation, foreign investment flows in - a sign of confidence in the country.

Zanetta: Well there is a lot of foreign investment in Chile obviously, obviously. I think it's important you know if people like the Baroness Philippine de Rothschild, they you know made a joint venture with Concha y Toro and created Almaviva. That's a good example because they are pushing Chile up to our next stage. So these type of people that are coming to Chile obviously you know they are helping us as a Chilean people to push the quality of our wines to the next stage, which is something very important.

Day: Looking at this winery, there are experts who say this sort of investment demonstrates how much more of this sort of thing there could be. Time to visit Eduardo Bitran at Fundacion Chile. It's a much-praised organisation inventing new ways of doing business.

Bitran: Our goal is to create new innovative business in this country and we have been quite successful. We created a salmon industry, the first salmon company; we have created the first berry companies; we innovated in flat fish and wine. Many of the areas where Chile are creating new industries that have grown very rapidly, we have been involved.

Day: What do you mean by "we've created"? How does it happen? What do you add to an entrepreneur or an idea?

Bitran: We have the following approach. We look at the work, we try to find new technologies. When we find something that will feed our natural resources, we transfer the technology, we look for an entrepreneur, we create a company, we put capital, we bring additional capital, we put in place and adapt the technology and we have the business running, and after three, four years we sell the business.

Day: So your criteria are how these things will sell their products, these new companies will sell their products or services to the outside world, what standards the outside world needs, are they?

Bitran: Basically to select the company, we try to look into big export markets. We don't want to be really a niche opportunist. Then we see whether we could be world-class competitor and whether we have an advantage and we could develop this advantage through technology. Then we have a high standard in terms of management, the quality of the product and the technology that we bring in.

Day: Despite the successful export-led economy, there is still widespread poverty in Chile: so Fundacion Chile tries to find ways of developing technical and scientific knowledge, and then breeding new business opportunities out of it. Now why does it need a prod from the Fundacion? Why can't these things just happen on their own in Chile?

Bitran: Well this is a good question: why the market is not producing all these new ventures? Well there are some market imperfections that are well known. Usually when you go and discover these new opportunities, it's easy to copy. Then the first ones that came into the business are not going to get all the benefit. In fact many times happen that the second, the third in line will get more benefit because the first one will make the mistakes and you don't replay the mistake the next time along. Then there is lack of incentive. That's why entities like this with significant market discipline because we have to self-finance ourselves are bringing a lot of value to the Chilean economy.

Day: Do you think that gives you the failure rate behind the scenes, that conventional business in say Silicon Valley - what do they say, one out of ten makes real profits and the two out of ten make something like profits but the rest are losers? Do you think you'll have eight of ten ideas failing before they get to sort of realisation stage behind the scenes with you?

Bitran: No, no, no. When we go into the creation of a company, if we had this type of failure we would be broken. Really we cannot afford to lose more than 30% of our companies in terms of becoming really unsuccessful. More than that, we'll be in trouble. And we don't have more than that; it's less than that.

Day: And the profits you make from your successes plough back into the business, do they?

Bitran: Exactly. Overall then we have a reasonable return.

Day: For an example of the 'demonstration effect' that now has more than fifty companies producing salmon exports worth getting on for one billion pounds last year, travel four hundred miles south of Santiago to the Chilean lake district.

Kleinsteuber: We stay near the border with Argentina about twenty miles near the River Cherquen that falls from the mountains.

Day: It's all very green here at a bend in a river, surrounded by steep hills; in fact, they're extinct volcanoes. The sun breaks through the lowering clouds, adding sparkle to the scene from twelve big fish breeding tanks. It's a venture inspired by the fish industry started by Fundacion Chile. In the middle of the tanks is Aleck Kleinsteuber; he's got plans for a hundred on this site alone, and he's bought the water rights here and on other rivers too. He has - he says - ambitious plans.

Kleinsteuber: (Chilean)

Translator: I'm a breeder of trout and salmon, supplying the big multinationals with fish, which they'll fatten up for the market. My ambition is to have 20% of this fresh water sector of the fish market and to make this business worth 60 million US dollars.

Day: Aleck Kleinsteuber is building the business slowly: tank by tank. He's already planning twelve more sites like this. But he's also aware that he's following in the footsteps of others: the Fundacion Chile, and other companies developed the idea and they set the standards.

Kleinsteuber: (Chilean)

Translator: There's no government support in terms of subsidies, but there is a very strict regulation on how our kind of companies can work to meet European standards. This allows us to sell our products there with no problems. It also means we have to work to protect the environment to make sure we have a low environmental impact. Of course it makes it more expensive, but these regulations guarantee that we have a market and that this business can make assumptions about its future. Without the regulations we could probably produce at a lower cost, but no one could guarantee that in the future we'd still be a profitable business.

Day: Aleck Kleinsteuber has one eye on the Asian market when much of Latin America still has a tradition of closing out the rest of the world.

Kleinsteuber: (Chilean)

Translator: Globalisation is unstoppable. It affects us all. The countries who don't enter into this world will probably find it much more difficult later on. The fact that Chile was one of the first in Latin America to open its barriers has allowed not only the salmon industry but the food industry and the wine industry to be so successful. Chile's one of the best places to do business in Latin America at the moment and it has a privileged position there. But it's also looking to the Pacific, towards Asia, so it will turn out to be a great centre for distribution from Asia to Latin America and from Latin America to Asia. So I can see a future not only promising for the salmon industry but also for other business too.

(MUSIC)

Day: All this is what the rest of Latin America regards with awe as the Chilean miracle.

Vasconcellos: In Argentina the other day a taxi driver, a Uruguayan taxi driver, he told me what's happening with Chile is they commute to Buenos Aires and see the Obelisko and they say it's small, the meat is hard and women look like they're not so beautiful. So the guy told me, "What's happening in Chile, it's so good I'm leaving Buenos Aires and I'm going to Chile". And in a way the image of the Chilean that was a very humble and very friendly guy in South America has changed.

Day: But Chile is a long way from the rest of the world, and that outsider's image disguises a dark underside. So says the singer Joe Vasconcellos who has resorted to selling his CDs through news kiosks. He says his international record company just doesn't take the sales in Chile seriously. Grassroots entrepreneurship from a man whose socially aware lyrics ring true with many people in Chile: "We've got to look after the less fortunate", he says. "The poor have to be considered when things like international trade deals are signed." Joe Vaconcello's political awareness began in the Pinochet years when song lyrics had to be veiled in metaphor under a military regime. But now he can be outspoken.

Vaconcellos: If you want to be a country in a free market, since we're not so many people let's fix that better because there's too much social difference here in Chile and that hurts. And they have nothing. Make him eat, give him school and then we can start talking. You know I think before that, you cannot dream of being part of this big world if in your back yard you still have poor people.

Day: Let's hear from two economists on this: Harald Bayer, the new Public Works Minister - we heard from him earlier) and first, Lucas Sierra - both at the Institute of Public Studies in Santiago.

Sierra: People hear about the model, the Chilean model, which is you know private property, individual freedom, how do you say - entrepreneurship - with the government as a regulator trying to preserve some reasonable degree of competition, on the one hand; on the other hand with some real distribution goals. If you see the growth numbers, the welfare in Chile has expanded since the middle of the 80s probably at a level you know unknown previously in Chile.

(MUSIC)

Bayer: One of the main issues there is employment, so the levels of employment in Chile are still low if you compare them with international standards - only 52% - and this low employment is basically reflected in low opportunities for poor people. This I will say is the main problem in Chile - inequality combined with these low levels of employment.

Sierra: In relative terms, we have still a problem of income distribution - it's very unequal, the most unequal in Latin America - and probably the origin of that problem is education. There's still a gross difference in education in Chile and those differences are associated with class basically. So that is a problem that has to be addressed.

Day: So Chile's problems are recognised. This model will be carried on by the new President Michelle Bachehelet. Hopes are high she'll emphasise the 'social side' of government - helping the children in this schoolyard for example, helping youth unemployment, improving the national pension scheme. But it isn't just government here: Chile has a new clutch of social entrepreneurs already exploring projects that have social benefit, not just corporate profit. At the Rodelillo Foundation, based on the outskirts of Santiago, one of the social assistants Gloria Rosales opened the door on a classroom of women learning basic computer skills and explained what's at the heart of this organisation.

Rosales: (Chilean)

Translator: This is an alternative to bond with their children and also to help them out in their homeworks. It's an opportunity for the family. If it also helps in the work part, it's great, but it's mostly a new input for the family.

Day: Rodelillo is at war with poverty, and ignorance is at the root of the condition. The awareness of how to address Chile's big education and skills deficits comes from what the Rodelillo Director Macarena Currin has learnt from her own personal experience. She had a solitary childhood, different foster homes for each of the three children in the family, until eventually they had to rebuild their family relationships when they returned to live with their father. And this gave her a deep feeling for the complexities of deprivation she now deals with.

Currin: (Chilean)

Translator: From that experience, I know that you can't deal with something like housing if you don't deal with education, or education if you don't deal with housing. What's the use of learning to read perfectly if when you get to your house there's nowhere to sit down even to do your homework? That's why here at Rodelillo the important thing is to deal with the five big issues at the same time: housing, health, education, labour and family.

Day: And although Macarena Currin acknowledges that the government has been trying to do something about the great big divisions in Chilean society, she also feels that the official approach is going about things the wrong way.

Currin: (Chilean)

Translator: It's not the number of people who are poor that's the main problem; it's the way that poor people are looked upon here. They're thought of as people who need things and every project gives them things. And Chile Solidario, the government programme, is just one example of what I call a Band Aid solution: it gives them a cheque every six months and expects that this will enable people to get things they don't have. In Rodelillo we look at poverty not as people needing things but people needing tools.

Day: The result is that Rodelillo ends up doing a job that many people think the government should be doing. If poor people turn up at Rodelillo's door and show commitment, they're shown how to start businesses that can immediately bring home extra cash.

Currin: (Chilean)

Translator: Here we help people identify their potential, so some of them will find out that they might suit working in a factory and others may find out that they might be good at running a small business. If they're good at business, we help them with courses to develop their ideas. But it's not just any business. It has to be a business with a future. You know these are small projects which start out by just selling things to the family network, but a family's only so big and if you're going to grow you need to find new outlets for your products. Your family will buy anything you do - even if it's a bad cake, they'll buy it - so we support projects that we think have a future outside this small family network.

Day: Not far from the offices of Rodelillo in Santiago live Ingrid and her family.

Ingrid: (Chilean)

Translator: My husband is not here right now. There's my mum, my four kids and my brother who's working right now, and me. My husband is a plumber, but he works sporadically because he's sixty years old and it's really hard for him to get a regular job right now.

Day: What Ingrid does is on such a small scale it's hard to call it a business. But it brings in much needed extra money with which she can buy things such as schoolbooks for her children.

Ingrid: (Chilean)

Translator: With the help of the Rodelillo Foundation, I am starting a business selling basically tablecloths and dishcloths. I also used to sell mini pizzas to people nearby. That's why I bought that oven over there. It's been a year and a half since I started with the mini pizzas. We've stopped now, but we are starting again next week as soon as we get the capital. And we'll start both businesses at the same time - the tablecloth business and the pizza business - basically because the pizzas are done here inside the house and all of my kids can help me out with that and the markets where I would sell the tablecloths is outside the house and that works from Tuesday to Sunday.

Day: And what do these activities mean to her?

Ingrid: (Chilean)

Translator: I feel important. That's the great difference. And now I have a say in what happens in my family. Before it was my husband that took all the decisions because he was the one that brought the money to the house and now I have an opinion and I make decisions and sometimes he says he wants to spend the money or say something about the kids and now I have my own say and I am not just mum, I am not just the one that cleans, the one that cooks and the one that checks the kids notebooks. Now I have a say here in my family.

Day: Does she feel part of the economic miracle, Chile as South America's mountain lion economy?

Ingrid: (Chilean)

Translator: People hear speak not only of the Chilean miracle but of the jaguar of Latin America, the lions of Latin America, and I don't feel like a lion at all. There are no lions here in Chile. Here in populations like this one, you see the reality. It's not the same thing that you see on the other side of the city. Thanks to my new business, I feel like a lion cub maybe, like my little kitten that's running around there.

(MUSIC)

Day: There is 50% unemployment or underemployment around this makeshift market in the suburb of Puente Alto. Here locals gather to sell second hand goods and garden produce. The family and the community are important to Chileans. With big gaps between rich and poor, people try to hang on to the idea of belonging to a community. People here face a long journey to find work, but a striking new metro line offers hope that even the poor in this market may well soon be able to join in the Chile economic miracle.

The Reyes family has seen the population in Puente Alto mushroom. Over the past fifty years ago it's grown from a town of 90,000 to a Santiago suburb with a population now of half a million. Still, the family clings to its heritage.

Reyes: (Chilean)

Day: "To understand the basics of Chile, you have to understand the family and giving back to the community", says Jose Joaquin Reyes. "I was a union leader for sixteen years", he says. "That was my way of giving back". The family does not consider itself badly off; we're lower middle class, they say. But both Joaquin and his wife Jenny have two jobs. Joaquin and Jenny are well placed to reflect on the changes Chile has seen: "We spent our youth under the military and all our working lives under democracy", says Joaquin. But hasn't the free market been good to you? "Life's not been bad, but it's not been good", he says. "It's been difficult". The military government years under President Pinochet meant suffering for thousands, but economic prosperity dawned under the military regime. Because expansion has continued ever since, for many people time has drawn a veil over what actually happened under Pinochet. But this family doesn't like the changes it's seen: "There are two things the country has to get over: The haves and the have-nots and social security and pensions". "If the state won't help, nobody will", says this trades unionist. "Business won't help. It's just out to fend for itself, not for the poor of the country". But for now education is seen here as the route to self-improvement, a theme familiar in so many developing nations. Yes there are still big problems in the place so admired by its Latin American neighbours. Is the economic miracle that the Pinochet regime started really now rooted here in Chile? A last word from the Estudios Publicos economist Lucas Sierra.

(MUSIC)

Sierra: Miracles are perfect; this is not perfect. You cannot expect to have perfect things in you know real life. Where will it lead? I hope that it will lead to be a developed country in the shortest time possible and I would like Chile to be known by its culture, its political institutions, its institutions in general, its tolerance and its diverse and liberal culture. It's wishful thinking, but you know it's free to say now. (Laughs)

Day: Lots of people in South America would like to have Chile's problems. But they still are problems, and they still have to be confronted, some time soon.

(MUSIC PEAKS/ENDS)

Announcer: Peter Day. This week's IN BUSINESS was produced by Richard Berenger. And next week the programme looks at absenteeism and asks who's sick - the worker or the organisation?

智利奇迹

播音员：这里是BBC4台的商业新闻。彼得·德本周发回的报道是关于南美洲的一个国家，它被许多邻国看作是整个拉丁美洲大陆的榜样，其影响甚至可能波及更远的地区。

（现场--总统大选）

德：米歇尔·巴切莱特在上个月当选智利新任总统时，向她的支持者们表示了衷心的感谢。20世纪70年代，当她还是个孩子的时候，她父母那一整代人受尽了当时军事政体的折磨；而现在，智利有了翻天覆地的变化--今天的智利已经成为拉丁美洲经济发展的亮点。但几乎可以肯定的是，那已日渐遥远的70年代仍留下了一项宝贵的遗产，是巴切莱特的新政府一定会尽力推行的。

拜尔：军事政变发生在1973年，它主要给本国的经济政策带来了巨大的变化，社会支出也因此有了极大的减退。可以说，那是一部非常独裁的宪法。现在，我们有了一部更加民主的新宪法。随后，我们进入了发展阶段，我们的经济开始飞速发展。

（音乐）

德：赫拉德·拜尔来自于位于智利首都圣地亚哥的公共研究中心，他刚刚成为政府公共工程部部长。本周的商业新闻中，我们要介绍的就是这个智利奇迹--这个国家的经济在过去的30年间有如云霄飞车一般直冲上天。总统皮诺切特的军事化政府与政变前阿连德的马克思主义式领导完全不同，允许了自由市场经济的形式。皮诺切特大幅度削减了政府支出，将国有公司私有化，尽最大努力吸引外国投资者。而这些政策的结果是，智利的失业率飞涨，工资水平暴跌，人民变得更加穷困。但在70年代末期，经济出现了复苏的征兆，经济形式一片大好--直到1982年，更多的问题出现了：智利受拉丁美洲债务危机影响，产生了经济大衰退。皮诺切特政府在一片动荡不安的环境中仍然加紧了自由市场的步伐：加大私有化力度，减少税收。这一政策最终使经济形势稳定下来，90年代当选的第一届民主政府也继续沿用此政策。在智利，自由市场经济似乎行的通。因此，我要请教经济学家赫拉德·拜尔，你认为当今智利的成绩--这个全拉丁美洲都羡慕的经济成就--主要获得了哪些方面的成功？

拜尔：民主体制得到了巩固，各个政府部门之间关于发展的道路达成了广泛的一致--这是其中一个方面。第二个方面是，这是一种完全以市场为导向的经济，政策对投资商、外国的新公司都十分优惠。第三个方面是，社会支出有了大幅度的增加--回顾过去的15年你会发现，社会支出的涨幅达到了175％。这极大地促进了建立多角度、多方面的社会政策，这就是智利成功的第三个方面。

德：从政治角度上，这也使民主制度在这个国家得到了巩固。关于社会支出，人们会认为现在的生活好过以前那种混乱的生活吗？

拜尔：嗯，确实如此。约70％的智利人对智利现在的发展道路表示满意。他们知道在这期间会有许多问题，但总的来说，他们对智利的民主道路和智利的经济情况表示满意。

德：这是因为左翼和右翼的冲突已经使人们认识到这一点了吗？

拜尔：智利在20世纪时曾是一个两极化非常严重的国家，存在着许多问题，而随后的军事政变也使智利人民遭受了许多痛苦。由于这些经历，由于人民曾费尽心思思考过的两极化，现在的智利极度要求意见上的统一。所以政治领导家们认为，他们需要在许多方面达成一致，以使国家继续成功发展。

德：智利的地理情况--和地质条件--是它获得成功的重要原因。智利有着丰富的自然资源，它们遍布在安第斯山脉和太平洋之间这条狭窄的近3000英里的土地上。在它的总出口贸易额中，40％仍然是铜。现在，据赫拉德·拜尔称，智利的公司已经学会如何使他们生产的产品增值。

拜尔：与欧洲和美国的自由贸易协定对他们学习这些技巧都有极大的帮助，因为这种经济的竞争非常激烈，所以不仅在铜、森林等自然资源方面的出口上，在制造业和基本食品方面的专家也在非常迅速地成长。我们的食品出口正以非常、非常快的速度增长着。

德：所以智利的经济已经开放了吗？过去智利实行的是封闭式经济，而现在智利的出口正在发展。在这方面，智利总是有进一步发展的潜力，但它们无穷无尽，永远也无法挖掘完。

拜尔：举例来说，30年前，智利的平均关税是125％，而现在智利的平均关税是2.6％，所以我们现在实行的是非常开放式的经济。

扎内塔：如果看到现在的卡萨布兰卡，你会发现这里有了巨大的变化。15年前，这里可是什么吸引人的东西都没有。

德：沿着卡萨布兰卡山谷驾车一个半小时，在圣地亚哥的西面，正在全新的高速公路上驾驶的投资者们会大吃一惊。

（现场--酒厂之旅）

德：Casas Del Bosque葡萄酒厂是智利最成功的商人之一--Juan Cunio建造的。这是一项长期投资，目的是酿造一种在"流行小店"中销售的高品质葡萄酒。总经理雨果·扎内塔解释说，智利葡萄酒的声誉渐涨，引得大量外国投资者纷纷涌入--这正是国家自信心增强的表现。

扎内塔：很明显的，智利有许多外国投资者。我觉得，如果人们都喜欢菲丽嫔·德·罗斯乔德女男爵葡萄酒，而他们懂得与智利最大的葡萄酒厂Concha y Toro合资，建造Almaviva酒厂，这是非常重大的决定。这是一个很好的例子，因为他们使智利变得更加强大，向我们下一个阶段迈进。所以，这类人正来到智利，以智利人的身份帮助我们使葡萄酒的质量再上一个台阶，这是一件非常重要的事情。

德：看着这个葡萄酒厂，有专家说：这类投资证明同样的事情再度发生的可能性有多高。接下来我们要采访的是智利基金会的爱杜尔都·毕特安，这个组织因其不断投资新的商业模式而备受好评。

毕特安：我们的目标是在智利创建新型的商业模式，而我们也相当成功。我们开创了鲑鱼产业，创立了第一家鲑鱼公司；我们建立了第一家浆果公司；我们在比目鱼和葡萄酒产业上也做了创新。智利的许多地区正在建立成长异常迅速的新兴工业，而这些工业都曾有过我们的参与。

德：你所说的"我们创造的"是指什么？它是如何进行的？你们对一个企业家或者一个创意会提供什么帮助呢？

毕特安：我们是按照以下步骤进行的：我们先观察这项业务，尽量找出其中的新技术。当我们找到适合我们国家野生自然资源的某些契合点时，就将这项技术转移到国内，寻找一个合适的企业家，建立一个新公司。我们对公司投入创业资金和后期投资，将这项技术引进到国内后进行改进，以适应国内情况。这样，我们使公司发展起来，3、4年以后再把公司卖掉。

德：所以你们的标准就是：这些项目如何销售它们的产品，这些新公司如何将它们的产品或服务销往外部世界，外部世界需求的标准是什么，对吗？

毕特安：基本上在选择公司时，我们会尽量调查大的出口市场--我们并不想成为真正的投机主义者。然后，我们研究我们国家是否可能成为世界级别的竞争者，我们在这方面是否存在优势，是否可以通过技术将这种优势进一步发挥出来。再下一步，我们就会引进高标准的管理模式、高标准的产品质量和高标准的技术。

德：虽然智利以出口为导向的经济模式获得了成功，但国内仍然存在大量的贫困人口：正是这个原因，智利基金会才会试图发展技术和科学知识，从而找到新的商机。那么，为什么需要基金会的刺激呢？为什么在智利这些过程不能自发的进行呢？

毕特安：嗯，这是一个非常好的问题：为什么市场不能自己产生所有这些新的冒险投资呢？这是因为市场存在着某些广为人知的缺陷。一般情况下，当你发现这些新的商机时，它们很容易被其他人模仿。于是，最先参与这些领域的公司就无法获得所有的利益。实际上已有多个案例显示，跟进参与某项业务的第二家、第三家公司获得的利益甚至会高于第一家公司--因为第一个尝试者总会犯错误，而第二次重复操作时就会避免这些错误。另外，市场也缺乏动机。这就是为什么我们的实体公司要如此密切的遵循市场规则，因为我们必须自给自足，同时为智利经济作出巨大贡献。

德：传统商务谈论硅谷时说道--十分之一的公司会真正获利，十分之二的公司财政基本持平或者稍微盈利，但其余公司就会全军覆没--你认为这个说法是否同时暗指了你们所创建公司的失败率？

毕特安：不不不。如果我们建立的公司失败率达到这个程度，我们一定会破产。实际上，我们无法承受必须放弃、实在无法挽救的公司超过30％。如果超过这个数字，我们就会出现危机。我们创建的公司失败率还没有超过30％--现在的失败率还低于30％。

德：而你们的公司获得成功后，盈利的资金又会重新投入到新的公司里，是吗？

毕特安：正是如此。总体来说，我们会获得合理的利润。

德：以"展示效应"为例，现在已有超过五十个公司生产鲑鱼，去年的出口值高达十亿英镑。现在，我们从圣地亚哥南面四百英里的地方驾车来到智利的湖区。

克兰斯托伯：我们与阿根廷接壤，离River Cherquen20英里，这条河从山上流淌下来。

德：在这块河流的转折处，陡峭的群山包围之下完全是一片绿色--实际上，它们地下是一片死火山。太阳冲破低低的云层，为十二个大鱼塘添加了勃勃生机。这就是受到智利基金会发起的养鱼业鼓舞，引进投资后建起的产地。亚里克·克兰斯托伯正站在这些鱼塘之间；他现在的计划是，仅在这个地点就建立一百个鱼塘。现在，他已买下了这条河和附近其他河流的水权。用他的话说，他有着远大的计划。

克兰斯托伯:（智利语）

翻译：我饲养的是鳟鱼和鲑鱼，现在向多个大国提供这些鱼--它们都被养肥后投放到市场上。我的远大目标是，占有鱼类市场淡水鱼部分20％的份额，使得这项业务达到六千万美元。

德：亚里克·克兰斯托伯正在缓慢地建立他的事业，建起一个又一个池塘。他已计划在其他十二个地点也建立起同样的业务。但是他也意识到，他正在沿着前人的道路前进：智利基金会和其他公司已改进了这个想法，并设定了行业标准。

克兰斯托伯:（智利语）

翻译：这项事业不但没有政府的补助金支持，而且对我们这类公司的运作方式有着非常严格的规定--只有这样才能符合欧洲的标准。这些规定使得我们向欧洲售出的产品没有质量问题；同时它也意味着，我们必须做好环境保护工作，以确保我们对环境只有非常小的影响。当然，它使得我们的生产成本提高了，但这些规定保证了我们会有稳定的市场，我们可以对这项事业的前景做出展望。如果没有这些规定，我们可能会以较低的成本生产出产品，但没有人能保证我们将来仍然能从中获利。

德：亚里克·克兰斯托伯目前已放眼于亚洲市场--虽然目前大部分拉丁美洲仍保持着对世界其他市场封闭的传统。

克兰斯托伯:（智利语）

翻译：全球化已是大势所趋，无法阻挡。它影响到我们所有人的生活。现在不加入这个世界的国家很有可能发现，将来要成为这个世界的一分子会更加困难。智利是拉丁美洲最早开放贸易壁垒的国家之一，这一事实不仅使鲑鱼产业大获成功，也使食品业和葡萄酒业蒸蒸日上。智利是当前拉丁美洲发展商业的最好地点之一，而且在这片地区占有优势地位。但是现在，智利已将眼光放到了太平洋地区，积极面向亚洲，所以它一定会成为亚洲到拉丁美洲，拉丁美洲到亚洲这条渠道通路上巨大的贸易交换中心。所以，我看到了美好的前景，它不仅可以保证鲑鱼产业继续发展，其他产业也可以蓬勃发展。

（音乐）

德：以上所有这些，都是令拉丁美洲其他国家敬畏不已的智利奇迹。

瓦斯康赛洛斯: 某天在阿根廷，一个乌拉圭出租车司机告诉我，现在智利的生活就是：当他们过一段时间后回到布宜诺斯艾利斯，看着方尖形建筑觉得小，肉咬起来觉得硬，女人们看起来没那么漂亮。所以这个男人告诉我，"智利现在的生活是如此美妙，让我准备离开布宜诺斯艾利斯来到智利。"而在某种程度上，从前智利人给南美留下的非常谦虚，非常友好的印象已经改变了。

德：但智利与世界其他国家还有一定距离，而外人对智利的印象根本看不到它黑暗的内幕--这是歌手乔·瓦斯康赛洛斯对智利的评价。他已重新在智利的报刊亭销售他的CD，但他说，他的国际唱片公司并不重视专辑在智利的销售。某个草根阶级从社会角度认识到，歌曲的歌词唱出了许多智利人的心声，这是他的企业精神："我们应该关注那些较贫困的人群，"他说，"在签署国际贸易协议之类的文件时，应该考虑到穷人们的处境。" 乔·瓦斯康赛洛斯的政治嗅觉培养于皮诺切特时代，在当时的军事政权之下，歌词不得不以寓言作为掩饰。但现在，他可以自由地说出想说的话了。

瓦斯康赛洛斯：如果要想智利成为自由市场的国家，虽然我们没有那么多人，但我们可以将它建得更好--因为智利有太多的社会差距，而这些差距会给穷人们带来伤害。而且，他们已经一无所有了。只有给了他们食物、教育以后，我们才可以开始讨论这些问题。我认为在此之前，如果国内还有穷困人口，你就不能梦想成为这个大世界的一部分。

德：让我们听听两位经济学家关于这个问题的看法：赫拉德·拜尔，新任公共工程部部长，我们刚才已经听过了他的看法，另外还有第一次出现的卢卡斯·塞拉--他们两位都来自于圣地亚哥的公共研究所。

塞拉：人们不断听到的模型，智利模型，指的就是私人财产，个人自由，还有你们所说的"企业家精神"，就是一方面政府作为调控者，尽量保持适当程度的竞争，另一方面仍然以某种形式的分配方式作为真正目标。如果从成长的数量来看，与80年代中期我们根本无从得知的水平比较，智利的福利支出已经有了大幅度的增加。

（音乐）

拜尔：其中一个主要问题就是就业率。智利的就业率水平与国际标准相比较仍然过低--仅52％--而这个低就业率的基本反映就是穷人的就业机会少。这里，我要说的是智利的主要问题--与这些低就业率水平联系在一起的不平等。

塞拉：与之相关的还有收入分配问题--这是非常不平等的，是拉丁美洲最不平等的方面--而问题的根源很可能是教育。智利在教育上仍然存在着总体差距，而这些差距基本上都是与阶级有关的，所以这个问题必须得到重视。

德：所以智利已经认识到它自己的问题。新任总统米歇尔·巴切莱特将继续推行这个模型。她很有可能会重点强调政府的"社会性"--比如帮助学校儿童，帮助年轻失业者，修改国家退休金计划。但在这方面，并不是只有政府在行动：智利新创立了一批社会企业，它们已经开始探索建立一些不仅有公司效益，还有社会效益的项目。在圣地亚哥市郊的罗德利罗基金会，社会助理格洛里亚·罗萨利斯为我打开了一间教室的门，教室里许多女性正在学习基本的电脑技巧。随后，她向我解释了这个组织的核心精神。

罗萨利斯：（智利语）

翻译：这是一个选择，如何使她们与孩子们的关系更加亲密，同时还要将她们从琐碎的家务中摆脱出来。这是整个家庭的一个机会。如果它同时在受助者的工作方面也起到作用自然最好，但对大多数家庭来说，工作方面还是需要新的努力。

德：罗德利罗基金会正在与贫穷作战，而无知正是贫穷的根源。罗德利罗基金会主席玛卡莲娜·柯林从她自身的经历中学到，该如何弥补智利在教育和技能培训上的巨额赤字。她的童年是独自一人渡过的--实际上，她家里的三个兄弟姐妹被送到不同的家庭抚养，以至于他们回到自己的家里与父亲一起生活时，必须重新建立起家庭关系。所以现在面对贫困问题时，她仍深有感触。

柯林：（智利语）

翻译：从这段经历中我知道，如果解决不了教育问题，就无法处理住房之类的问题；反之，如果解决不了住房问题，教育也无从谈起。即使你能流利地读写文章，但回到家时连坐的地方都没有，更别说做作业的地方，那这种能力有什么用呢？这就是为什么罗德利罗基金会最重要的事情是同时解决五大难题：住房、医疗、教育、劳动力和家庭。

德：虽然玛卡莲娜·柯林承认，虽然政府已努力在智利经济中增加这一大块的投入，但她仍觉得政府正在向错误的方向努力。

柯林：（智利语）

翻译：现在的主要问题并不在于贫困人口的数量，而是在智利，穷人是被歧视的对象。别人都认为他们在物质上极度匮乏，每个帮助穷人的项目都是给予他们物质支持。比如智利Solidario这个政府项目就是我说的这种治标不治本的解决方法：它每半年就给穷人们一张支票，认为这样人们就可以去买他们没有的东西。而在罗德利罗，我们看到的穷困并不是人们需要物质帮助，而是他们需要工具。

德：所以结果就是，许多人认为政府应该做的工作却成了罗德利罗平时的工作。穷人们来到罗德利罗说出他们的请求后，罗德利罗就会教他们该如何建立自己的事业，可以立刻使家中有另外的收入。

柯林：（智利语）

翻译：在罗德利罗，我们帮助人们发掘他们的潜力，所以有些人会发现自己适合在工厂工作，另外一些人会发现他们可以把一些小本经营开展的有声有色。如果他们在商业上有天分，我们会通过几个阶段的学习，让他们形成完整的理念。但是这并不是指所有的商业，这必须是个前景良好的业务。你知道，这些小型项目开始只是在家庭网络中销售商品，但一个家庭只有那么点大，所以如果想要成长，你必须为你的产品找到新的顾客群。你的家庭会买下你自己做的所有东西--即使是个做坏了的蛋糕，他们也会把它买下来--所以我们只支持我们认为在这个小家庭网络之外仍然有市场的项目。

德：在离罗德利罗的办公室不远处的圣地亚哥城里，住着英格丽和她的一家。

英格丽：（智利语）

翻译：我丈夫现在不住在这里。这里住着我的母亲，四个孩子，和我现在正在工作的兄弟。我丈夫是个水管工人，但他现在只能接一些零星散活，因为他已经六十岁了，现在已经很难找一份全职工作了。

德：现在英格丽在这片方寸之地所做的几乎不能称之为商业，但它确实给这个家庭带来了急需的另外的收入--这样她就可以给孩子们买课本了。

英格丽：（智利语）

翻译：在罗德利罗基金会的帮助下，我开始卖桌布和洗碗布之类的小生意。以前，我还在附近卖过小匹萨，你看那里还有我专门为此买的烤炉。我是一年半前开始卖小匹萨的，现在不卖了，但下周资金到手后我们准备重新开张。我们会同时做这两个生意--桌布生意和匹萨生意--基本上，因为匹萨是在屋里做的，所有的孩子们都可以帮我，而卖桌布是在屋外，我可以每周从周二卖到周日。

德：那这些活动对你意味着什么？

英格丽：（智利语）

翻译：它们让我觉得我很重要，这是最大的不同。我要说的是家里发生的变化：以前，我丈夫决定所有的事，因为他是这个家的经济来源；现在，我可以有自己的想法，自己做决定，当他说想在某件事上花钱或是对孩子的事做决定时，我可以说出自己的看法。我已经不只是个母亲，不只是那个整日打扫房屋、烧水做饭、检查孩子作业的人，现在我在家里有了说话的权力。

德：你是否觉得自己也是智利这个南美山区经济雄狮所创造的经济奇迹中的一分子？

英格丽：（智利语）

翻译：这里的人们不只谈论智利奇迹，他们还谈论拉丁美洲的美洲豹，美洲狮，但我从未感觉到所谓的雄狮。智利根本就没有雄狮。在我们这种人当中，你才能看到现实。这与你在城市的另一端所看到的景象完全不同。我这个新生意让我觉得可能有了一头小幼狮，但它就和我脚边这只跑来跑去的小猫一样大。

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德：在阿尔托港市郊的这个临时市场，失业率或不充分就业率高达50％。这里是当地人卖二手物品和园艺产品的聚集地。对智利人来说，家庭和团体都是非常重要的。虽然贫富之间存在着巨大的鸿沟，人们还是努力使自己属于同一个团体。这里的人们要想找到工作，还有很长的路要走，但一条全新的地铁线路给这个市场里的所有人--即使是穷人--带来了希望，他们可能很快就能加入到智利的经济奇迹中来。

雷耶斯一家见证了阿尔托港的人口爆炸。五十多年来，阿尔托港从一个九万人的小城镇一跃成为圣地亚哥市郊一个五十万人口的城市。但是，这个家庭仍坚持留在祖祖辈辈生活的这个城市里。

雷耶斯：（智利语）

德："要了解智利的根本，就必须了解家庭和回报团体。"何塞·乔奎因·雷耶斯说。"我曾当了十六年的联盟领导，"他说，"这就是我回报的方式。"他们家并不认为自己属于特别穷困的家庭--"我们是较低等的中产阶级。"他们说。但乔奎因和他的妻子珍妮都身兼两职。乔奎因和珍妮的一生正好见证了智利的变化："我们的青春时代是在军事政权的统治之下，而我们的整个职业生涯却是在民主的管理之下。"乔奎因说道。难道自由市场对你一点好处也没有吗？"生活没有变坏，但也没有变好。"他说，"只是变得困难重重。"在皮诺切特总统的军事统治期间，数千人都遭受折磨，但在军事统治下，经济逐渐繁荣起来。因为从那时开始经济持续发展，所以对大多数人来说，时间已被覆上了一层面纱，掩盖住了皮诺切特统治下的真实情况。但是，这个家庭并不喜欢国家发生的这些变化："智利有两个问题必须要解决：有产阶级和无产阶级问题和社会保障退休金问题。""如果国家不解决这两个问题，那就没有人能解决。"这位前贸易联盟成员说道，"商业不可能解决这些问题。它只能求得自己的生存，但不能减少国家的贫穷。"但现在的智利，教育被认为是自我实现的唯一途径，这个观念在其他许多发展中国家也深入人心。是的，在这个被拉丁美洲邻国无比羡慕的国家里，仍然有许多棘手的问题没有解决。在皮诺切特的统治下开始的经济奇迹现在真的在智利扎根了吗？我们最后来听听公共研究中心的经济学家卢卡斯·塞拉的说法。

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塞拉：奇迹是指十全十美，但现在的智利并不十全十美。在现实生活中，你不能期望会有十全十美的事情发生。它最终会走向何方？我希望它能在最短的时间内发展为一个发达国家，而且我希望全世界都能了解智利的文化、智利的政治制度、智利的普通机构、智利的宽容，还有智利多元、自由的文化。虽然这只是个美好的愿望，但现在，你知道的，我们已经有言论自由了。（笑）

德：许多拉丁美洲的人民都宁可他们的国家存在和智利一样的问题。但这些问题仍然是问题，它们仍需要人们尽快解决。

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播音员：彼得·德。本周商业新闻由理查德·贝伦杰制作。下周节目，我们将讨论缺勤问题，工人和组织--究竟哪一方出了问题？