2021年经济学人 用艺术为少数群体营造更包容的社区(1)（在线收听）

Books and Arts

文学与艺术

Art and activism

艺术和行动主义

A place in the country

乡村的一块地方

Daniel Rycharski uses his art to build bridges between communities

丹尼尔·里恰尔斯基用艺术搭起社区之间的桥梁

When two teenagers committed suicide in a quiet corner of north-west Poland in 2015, in part because of opposition to their gay relationship, Daniel Rycharski travelled to the village, took branches from the tree where the pair had killed themselves and made a simple crucifix. He carried his work, “The Cross”, to Warsaw and set it up in front of the presidential palace. Another cross once stood in the same spot to commemorate the traumatic plane crash in Smolensk in 2010 that killed Poland’s president and many other senior officials.

2015年，两个青少年在波兰西北部一个安静的角落自杀，部分原因是人们反对他们的同性恋关系。丹尼尔·里查斯基来到这个村庄，从他们自杀的那棵树上取下树枝，做了一个简单的十字架。他把他的作品《十字架》带到华沙，并把它竖立在总统府前。另一个十字架曾矗立在同一个地方，以纪念2010年在斯摩棱斯克发生的飞机坠毁事件，那次事故造成波兰总统和其他许多高级官员丧生。

A legion of Polish artists are trying to shine a light on the country’s swing towards intolerance under the ruling Law and Justice party. But Mr Rycharski’s corner of the art scene is a lonely one. He has set up his studio in the village of Kurowko, some 110km from Warsaw. He considers himself a devout Catholic, but as a gay man he is rejected by the Polish church. “For me, to live in Poland is to live in a cage,” Mr Rycharski says.

大批波兰艺术家正试图揭露，在执政的法律与正义党领导下，波兰正转向不宽容。但是里查斯基先生在艺术界的那个角落是孤独的。他在距离华沙110公里的Kurowko村建立了自己的工作室。他认为自己是一个虔诚的天主教徒，但他因为是一个同性恋而被波兰教会拒绝了。“对我来说，生活在波兰就像生活在牢笼里，”里查斯基先生说。

Through his work, the 35-year-old artist-activist is rattling the bars. Mr Rycharski has moulded rosary beads from resin mixed with the blood of a gay friend. He has crafted scarecrows from wooden crosses and clothes donated by persecuted lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people. He stitched an ecclesiastical robe from the garments of Polish clergy, called it “Ku-Klux-Klan” and topped it with a distinctive pointed hood.

这位35岁的艺术家活动家用自己的作品敲响警钟。里查斯基先生用树脂和一个同性恋朋友的血混合制成了念珠。他用木制十字架和被迫害的女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和变性人捐赠的衣服制作了稻草人。他用波兰神职人员的衣服缝制了一件教会长袍，称其为“Ku-Klux-Klan”，并在其顶部添了一顶独特的尖头帽。

Yet Mr Rycharski is devout. Mateusz Pacewicz, an award-winning Polish screenwriter, points out that though “The Cross” could be considered “creepy”, Mr Rycharski’s pilgrimage with the crucifix turned the work into “a religious act, a ritual”. His faith has helped calm his critics. Government officials wrote to the Museum of Modern Art in Warsaw complaining about an exhibition of his work in 2019, but stopped short of shutting it down. Ordinary folk have tried to destroy pieces of his that were displayed in public spaces—but some apologised after the artist explained his meaning. “He doesn’t want to lose his connection to the church, he wants to try to create a dialogue,” says Kasia Matt-Uszynska, the curator of Mr Rycharski’s latest show, at the Kahan Art Space in Vienna.

然而，里查斯基先生是虔诚的。备受赞誉的波兰编剧马特乌斯·帕切维茨指出，尽管《十字架》可能会被认为“令人毛骨悚然”，但里查斯基先生与十字架的朝圣之旅将这部作品变成了“一种宗教行为，一种仪式”。他的信仰平息了批评他的人。波兰政府官员曾写信给华沙现代艺术博物馆，抱怨他2019年的一个作品展览，但并未将其关闭。普通百姓曾试图破坏他在公共场所展出的作品，但在艺术家解释了他的意思后，一些人道歉了。里查斯基先生最新展览的策展人Kasia Matt-Uszynska在维也纳的Kahan艺术空间说:“他不想失去与教堂的联系，他想尝试创造一种对话。”