2021年经济学人 奥运VS药物(9)（在线收听）

Lack of will is also a problem. Sport brings national glory, which can make questioning success risky.

缺乏意愿也是一个问题。体育给国家带来荣耀，但质疑成功却有风险。

After her admission, Ms Shirley was branded a "traitor".

雪莉女士在承认使用兴奋剂后被贴上了“叛徒”的标签。

State-sponsored doping programmes in East Germany, China and Russia were all aimed at winning political prestige.

在东德、中国和俄罗斯，国家支持的兴奋剂项目都是为了赢得政治声望。

Sport brings in a great deal of cash, too. Warc, an advertising firm, reckons the worldwide sports-sponsorship market was worth $48bn in 2020.

体育运动也能带来大量的现金。据广告公司Warc估计，2020年全球体育赞助市场价值480亿美元。

All that money makes it possible to buy off officials.

这些钱使得收买官员成为可能。

Last year Lamine Diack, Lord Coe's predecessor as the head of World Athletics (then known as the International Association of Athletics Federations) was given a four-year prison sentence for taking bribes to hush up positive doping tests, as were five other officials. (Mr Diack is appealing.)

去年，科勋爵的前任、国际田联主席拉明·迪亚克和其他五名官员被判四年监禁，罪名是收受贿赂，隐瞒兴奋剂检测结果呈阳性。(迪亚克正在上诉。)

Ultimately, countries and companies pay both for top-level sport and for the anti-doping system which polices it.

最终，国家和公司会为顶级体育赛事和监管该赛事的反兴奋剂系统买单。

This means that, even when they are not actively working to subvert the system, as Russia or Mr Diack did, they do not always have strong incentives to ask hard questions.

这意味着，即使他们不像俄罗斯或迪亚克那样积极致力于颠覆体制，他们也并不总是有强烈的动机提出尖锐的问题。

Mr Salazar had been a divisive figure in athletics long before Nike eventually closed the Oregon Project.

早在耐克关闭俄勒冈项目之前，萨拉查就在体育界引起了争议。

WADA itself gets half of its money from governments and half from sporting bodies, raising questions about how truly independent it can ever be.

WADA本身一半的资金来自政府，另一半来自体育机构，这让人不禁质疑它到底能有多独立。

That is a view shared by America's government.

美国政府也认同这一观点。

Fed up with what it sees as a limp response to the Russian scandal, in December it passed a law known as the Rodchenkov Act.

由于受够了对俄罗斯丑闻的软弱回应，去年12月，美国通过了一项名为《罗琴科夫法案》的法律，

This tries to assert American criminal jurisdiction over any sports event involving American athletes or companies, anywhere in the world.

试图维护美国对世界任何地方任何涉及美国运动员或美国公司的体育赛事的刑事管辖权。

It gives American prosecutors the ability to impose ten-year prison sentences and $1m fines on those found to have aided doping (though it does not apply to individual athletes).

它使美国检察官有权对那些被发现使用兴奋剂的人处以10年监禁和100万美元罚款(尽管对个别运动员并不适用)。

Travis Tygart, head of the United States Anti-Doping Agency, described the Rodchenkov Act as a "game-changer".

美国反兴奋剂机构负责人特拉维斯·泰加特称《罗琴科夫法案》“改变了游戏规则”，

That is hard to argue with. It will drive a coach and horses through existing arrangements.

而且很难驳斥，将直接越过现有的规则。

WADA worries the act's extraterritorial ambitions mean two sets of rules could apply to doping cases, and that confusion and resistance from other countries might "shatter" the international anti-doping system.

世界反兴奋剂机构担心，该法案的域外野心意味着两套规则可能都将适用于兴奋剂案件，而来自其他国家的困惑和抵制可能会“粉碎”国际反兴奋剂体系。

(It also notes, pointedly, that the act's penalties do not apply to parochial American sports such as baseball, which have had their own share of doping scandals.)

(它还明确指出，该法案的处罚不适用于棒球等狭隘的美国体育项目，这些项目也有自己的兴奋剂丑闻。)

The Tokyo games are one of the first big international competitions to be held with the act in force.

东京奥运会是在这一法律生效的情况下举行的第一个大型国际比赛。

Lord Coe may or may not be right to say, in the wake of the Russian scandal, that getting away with doping will be harder than ever.

科勋爵表示，在俄罗斯丑闻爆发后，兴奋剂丑闻将比以往任何时候都更加严重，这种说法可能正确，也可能不正确。

But the fight against it has rarely been so bad-tempered.

但反对兴奋剂的斗争很少会如此激烈。