VOA新闻杂志2022 美国得州枪击案后谣言不断（在线收听）

Experts are warning of conspiracy theories and misinformation on social media after the recent deadly shootings in the American state of Texas.

在美国得克萨斯州最近发生致命枪击事件后，专家警告称社交媒体上充斥着阴谋论和错误信息。

On Tuesday, an 18-year-old gunman killed 19 students and two teachers at an elementary school in the town of Uvalde.

周二，一名18岁的枪手在乌瓦尔德镇的一所小学杀害了19名学生和2名教师。

Within hours of Tuesday's school shootings, internet users spread false claims.

在周二的校园枪击案发生后的几个小时内，互联网用户散布了虚假言论。

The claims were about the teenager named as the gunman and his possible reasons for carrying out the attack.

这些言论涉及该枪手少年以及他实施袭击的可能原因。

The Associated Press noted that misinformation also appeared on social media after the shootings at Sandy Hook, Connecticut, Parkland, Florida and after the Orlando, Florida nightclub shooting.

美联社指出，在康涅狄格州桑迪胡克小学枪击案、佛罗里达州帕克兰枪击案和佛罗里达州奥兰多夜总会枪击案发生后，社交媒体上也出现了错误信息。

It also happened after the mass shooting earlier this month at a Buffalo grocery store.

本月早些时候，布法罗一家杂货店发生大规模枪击事件后也出现了这种情况。

One of the untrue claims about the gunman was that he was an immigrant living in the U.S. illegally; another was that he was transgender, the AP reported.

据美联社报道，关于枪手的不实说法之一是他是非法居住在美国的移民，另一种说法是他是变性人。

These quickly appeared on social media services Twitter, Reddit and others.

这些信息很快出现在社交媒体推特、红迪网等网站上。

Another claim was that the shooting was somehow false or carried out to gain public attention.

另一种说法是，枪击事件是假的，或者是为了引起公众关注而进行的。

The claims show the problems of racism and intolerance toward transgender people.

这些言论体现了种族主义问题和对变性人的不容忍。

Jaime Longoria is a disinformation expert and leads research at the Disinfo Defense League.

杰米·朗格利亚是一名虚假信息专家，领导了虚假信息防御联盟的研究。

He said the conspiracy theories represent an effort to blame the shooting on minority groups.

他说，阴谋论体现了人们将枪击事件归咎于少数族裔群体。

He said these groups already experience higher rates of online mistreatment and hate crimes.

他说，这些群体遭受过网络虐待和仇恨犯罪的比例更高。

"It's a tactic that serves two purposes: It avoids real conversations about the issue of gun violence, and it gives people…someone to blame," said Longoria.

朗格利亚说：“这一策略有两个目的：一是避免了有关枪支暴力问题的真正对话，二是让人们……有了一个可以谴责的对象。”

One popular conspiracy theory was that the gunman was not in the country legally.

一种流行的阴谋论是，枪手非法居住在美国。

The man who officials said carried out the shooting, Salvador Ramos, was a U.S. citizen, Texas Governor Greg Abbott said in a news conference on Tuesday.

得克萨斯州州长格雷格·阿博特周二在新闻发布会上表示，警察称开枪者萨尔瓦多·拉莫斯是美国公民。

Other social media users used photos of innocent internet users to falsely identify them as the gunman and claim he was transgender.

其他社交媒体用户使用无辜网民的照片谎称他们是枪手，并声称他是变性人。

On the online message service 4Chan, users shared the photos and talked about a plan to say the gunman was transgender, without any evidence to prove it.

在在线信息服务网站4Chan上，用户分享了这些照片，并谈论了一个计划，在没有任何证据的情况下称枪手是变性人。

One message on Twitter showed an image of a transgender person, saying the shooter had a channel on YouTube.

推特上的一条信息显示了一张变性人的照片，称枪手在YouTube上有一个频道。

The message has been removed since then.

从那时起，这条信息就被删除了。

The photo actually showed a 22-year-old transgender person named Sabrina who lives in New York City.

这张照片上的人实际上是一个名叫塞布丽娜的22岁的变性人，她住在纽约市。

Sabrina told the AP that the photo was hers and said she had no links with the YouTube channel.

塞布丽娜告诉美联社，这张照片上的人是她，并表示她与YouTube频道没有任何联系。

Sabrina said she had gotten unkind messages on social media claiming that she was the shooter.

塞布丽娜说，她在社交媒体上收到了不友好的信息，称她是枪手。

She answered some of the messages, asking that they be removed.

她回复了一些信息，要求删除这些信息。

Sabrina told the AP the experience was "just horrifying."

塞布丽娜告诉美联社，这种经历“太可怕了”。

Officials have released no information on the gunman's sexuality or gender identification.

警察没有公布枪手的性取向（即性别鉴定）信息。

In some cases, social media users spread misinformation about mass shootings without fully understanding the facts.

在某些情况下，社交媒体用户在没有完全了解事实的情况下传播有关大规模枪击事件的错误信息。

In other cases, it can be the work of criminals looking to raise money for their own use or bring attention to their website or organization.

在其他情况下，这可能是犯罪分子在为自己筹集资金，或者是为了引起人们对他们的网站或组织的关注。

Then there are the trolls--people who send offensive messages for fun.

还有喷子——以发送攻击性信息为乐的人。

Ben Decker is founder and chief of the investigation company Memetica.

本·德克尔是调查公司Memetica的创始人兼首席执行官。

He said that extreme online communities often use mass shootings and other tragedies to create disorder and misunderstanding.

他说，极端网络社区经常利用大规模枪击事件等悲剧来制造混乱和误解。

They want to upset the public and push harmful untruths.

他们想让公众感到不安，传播有害的谎言。

Decker said people in such communities want to show how powerful they can be by "successfully trolling the public."

德克尔说，这些社区的人想要通过“成功地拉拢公众”来展示他们有多强大。

By pushing their story on the general public, they raise their own position in their online community, he said.

他说，通过向公众宣传他们的故事，他们提高了自己在网络社区中的地位。

For the communities harmed by online attacks, the false blame creates fear of discrimination and violence.

对于受到网络攻击伤害的社区来说，错误的指责造成了对歧视和暴力的恐惧。

Jaden Janak is a graduate student at the University of Texas and also with the Center for Applied Transgender Studies.

杰登·贾纳克是得克萨斯大学的研究生，也是应用变性研究中心的学生。

Janak said that a transphobic comment on social media can bring about an act of violence against a transgender person.

贾纳克说，社交媒体上有关跨性别恐惧症的言论可能会导致针对跨性别者的暴力行为。

"These children and adults who were murdered yesterday were just living their lives," Janak said.

贾纳克说：“昨天那些被谋杀的儿童和成人只是在过他们的生活。”

"They didn't know that yesterday was going to be their last day.

贾纳克还说：“他们不知道昨天会是他们的最后一天。

And similarly, as trans people, that's a fear that we have all the time," Janak added.

同样，作为跨性别者，我们一直都有这种恐惧。”

I'm Jill Robbins.

吉尔·罗宾斯为您播报。