万物简史 第644期:永不安分的类人猿(14)（在线收听）

By 1992, the study was largely discredited. But the techniques of genetic analysis continued to be refined, and in 1997 scientists from the University of Munich managed to extract and analyze some DNA from the arm bone of the original Neandertal man, and this time the evidence stood up. The Munich study found that the Neandertal DNA was unlike any DNA found on Earth now, strongly indicating that there was no genetic connection between Neandertals and modern humans. Now this really was a blow to multiregionalism.

到了1992年，这一研究在很大程度上已经被否定，但是基因分析技术继续得以改进。1997年，慕尼黑大学的科学家从原始尼安德特人的胳膊骨骼中提取DNA并进行了研究，这一次，极具说服力的证据出现了。慕尼黑研究人员发现，尼安德特人的DNA与地球上现已发现的任何DNA都不相同，这很明显地意味着尼安德特人与现代人类的基因没有任何联系。这是对“多地区起源”假说一次真正意义上的沉重打击。

Then in late 2000 Nature and other publications reported on a Swedish study of the mitochondrial DNA of fifty-three people, which suggested that all modern humans emerged from Africa within the past 100,000 years and came from a breeding stock of no more than 10,000 individuals. Soon afterward, Eric Lander, director of the Whitehead Institute/Massachusetts Institute of Technology Center for Genome Research, announced that modern Europeans, and perhaps people farther afield, are descended from "no more than a few hundred Africans who left their homeland as recently as 25,000 years ago."

接着，2000年底，《自然》杂志和其他一些报刊报道了一组瑞典科学家对于53个人的线粒体DNA所作的研究。他们认为，所有现代人类都在过去10万年间出现于非洲，并且来自一个不超过1万人的种群。稍后，怀特海德研究所暨麻省理工学院基因研究中心主任埃里克·兰德宣布，现代欧洲人，也许还有一些更远地方的人，是“至迟于2.5万年前离开他们家乡的区区数百个非洲人”的后裔。