美国国家公共电台 NPR--The $1.6 billion Dominion v. Fox News trial starts Tuesday. Catch up here（在线收听）

The $1.6 billion Dominion v. Fox News trial starts Tuesday. Catch up here

Transcript

Conservative TV darlings Tucker Carlson, Sean Hannity and a slew of other Fox News stars and executives, including the network's 92-year-old owner Rupert Murdoch, may soon have their days in court in what stands to be the biggest media trial since the 1980s.

Colorado-based Dominion Voting Systems, a tech company that manufactures electronic voting machines, is suing Fox News and its parent company Fox Corp. for defaming it in the weeks following the 2020 election and irreparably damaging its business.

The trial had been scheduled to begin on Monday in Delaware Superior Court. Judge Eric M. Davis pushed the start date back by a day as the legal teams for Dominion and Fox discuss a potential settlement.

Davis told a courtroom of mostly reporters on Monday that a 24-hour delay was "not unusual" and that he had planned for a few extra days surrounding the trial, which is expected to last around six weeks.

Here's what you need to know about the case.

Why is Dominion suing Fox?

Following the 2020 election, Fox News repeatedly broadcast baseless claims that Dominion's voting machines had flipped votes meant for then-President Donald Trump to Joe Biden. Fox hosts and their on-air guests promoted the falsehoods for weeks after Trump's loss — and even after the claims had been debunked.

Dominion alleges that Fox hosts and executives knew that those claims about its voting machines were false — or, at the very least, acted with reckless disregard for the truth — in a bid to rescue the network's ratings. After being the first network to call the pivotal state of Arizona for Biden on election night, Fox News saw its audience numbers plummet. (Many of its viewers were Trump supporters.)

How does Fox explain the repeated falsehoods over the 2020 election?

For its part, Fox holds it aired the claims of voter fraud because they came directly from a sitting president and his surrogates. Its lawyers argue that any claim Trump made — including about Dominion voting machines — was inherently newsworthy.

Attorneys for Fox have also claimed that the First Amendment, which protects freedom of speech, shields the network from being punished for what its guests say on air — even "speech [it doesn't] think is right."

"FOX News remains steadfast in protecting the rights of a free press," according to a Fox spokesperson in a statement shared Friday.

Dominion, in a statement previously shared with NPR, said: "As long-settled law makes clear, the First Amendment does not shield broadcasters that knowingly or recklessly spread lies."

What's at stake for Fox?

Dominion is suing Fox for $1.6 billion. That figure isn't a huge dent in Fox's wallet; it's less than half of the revenue the company took in during the last three months of 2022. Still, there's a lot on the line for the network and, according to Fox, the entire U.S. media industry.

Fox and some media attorneys warn that this case could have long-term ramifications for all U.S. media outlets.

Thanks to a 1964 Supreme Court ruling, there is a high bar to meet to prove defamation in the U.S. legal system. The burden of proof falls on the plaintiff. Dominion attorneys must prove that Fox leaders knew, or should have known, that the statements hosts and guests made against Dominion were false or acted in reckless disregard for the truth.

That high standard is known as "actual malice." It's meant to protect media outlets from being punished for reporting critically on powerful figures, including corporations and the government.

A favorable ruling for Dominion "would have grave consequences for the entire journalism profession," according to a Fox spokesperson in a statement.

But media law experts say that this is a unique case because of the mounds of evidence in support of Dominion's argument.

What do we know so far?

In a pre-trial ruling this month, Delaware Superior Court Judge Eric Davis asserted there is no question that the contested statements Fox aired about Dominion were false.

Thousands of text messages and email exchanges revealed in legal documents show that Fox personalities and executives knew the claims their hosts and guests blasted on air were false.

Two of those guests were Rudy Giuliani, Trump's personal lawyer at the time, and Sidney Powell, a Trump ally and attorney. (Dominion has separately sued both Giuliani and Powell but there have been no rulings in either of those cases.)

Both appeared dozens of times across Fox programming in the weeks following the election and peddled baseless conspiratorial claims, including that Dominion had financial ties to California Democrats and that the company was created to rig elections in favor of the late-Venezuelan dictator Hugo Chavez.

"The whole thing seems insane to me, and Sidney Powell won't release the evidence. Which I hate," Carlson texted fellow hosts Hannity and Laura Ingraham a couple weeks after the election.

"Sidney Powell is a bit nuts. Sorry but she is," Ingraham replied.

The filings also show that Fox executives, including the elder Murdoch and Fox News CEO Suzanne Scott, did nothing to intervene.

Asked by a Dominion attorney under oath whether or not he could have directed Scott to stop hosting Powell and Giuliani on Fox, Murdoch answered that he could have.

"But I didn't," he said.

What are key moments to look for in the trial?

While the judge has ruled that election-fraud claims Fox broadcast in November and December 2020 were false, Dominion attorneys must still surmount the high bar of actual malice — that Fox decision makers either knew or should have known that those claims were false, or acted with reckless disregard for the truth.

The six week trial promises a star-studded witness list, including:

Rupert Murdoch, controlling owner of Fox News and parent company Fox Corp.

Suzanne Scott, Fox News CEO

Fox stars Tucker Carlson, Sean Hannity, Maria Bartiromo, Jeanine Pirro and former star Lou Dobbs (Dobbs lost his hosting job in February 2021.)

Fox chief political anchor Bret Baier is also on the witness list. He is among a cohort of Fox stars named as likely to testify in the case.

Why haven't Dominion and Fox settled this case before now?

Fox attorneys made a push to settle the case with Dominion late last year, but no dice.

Dominion has held to its original $1.6 billion ask, saying the defamatory statements Fox aired about its voting machines made the company lose important contracts and its employees the subjects of harassment and threats.

It is also asking for a full apology from Fox and an acknowledgement from the network that the statements it aired were false, concessions equal to the lies it spread, which could reach across multiple platforms and take days.

Fox has argued in legal filings that the $1.6 billion Dominion is seeking "has no connection to Dominion's financial value as a company."

Plus, it remains nebulous who exactly at Fox News and at Fox Corp. would be responsible for allowing defamatory statements on air — if Dominion successfully proves those statements surpass the high bar of actual malice in court. Fox is sure to hammer on both points during a trial.