US Presidents Like to Make Up Words, Expressions（在线收听）

US Presidents Like to Make Up Words, Expressions

　　And now Words and Their Stories, from VOA Learning English.

　　The third Monday of February is known as Presidents' Day in the United States. So, for today's Words and Their Stories, we look at some of the famous and not-so-famous presidential words and their stories in history.

　　From Teddy Roosevelt's lunatic fringe to Joe Biden's malarkey, the words and phrases said by U.S. presidents are often as unique as the American experience.

　　"We're really creating our own institutions through language," said Paul Dickson. He is the writer of Words from the White House: Words and Phrases Coined or Popularized by America's Presidents. If you coin a word or phrase you create it.

　　Thomas Jefferson, America's 3rd president, is said to have created more than a hundred words. One of the words is authentication – the act of proving or showing something to be true. Another word from Jefferson is Anglomania. It means to have extreme affection for all things English. The ending -mania means to be crazy about something.

　　Abraham Lincoln, the country's 16th president, is known for making powerful speeches during the Civil War. One of his best-known phrases, "A house divided against itself cannot stand," is drawn from the Bible.

　　Historians note that Teddy Roosevelt, the 26th president, was the first president to use media to connect with the public. And he added several memorable words and phrases to American English.

　　Creating slang

　　Dickson says, "Teddy Roosevelt creates this huge body of slang." The words include pack rat, loose cannon, lunatic fringe, and bully pulpit – among many others.

　　A pack rat is someone who collects things that they do not need.

　　A loose cannon describes a dangerous and uncontrollable person.

　　Lunatic fringe describes people whose opinions are extreme and different from many others. And a bully pulpit is an important position, such as the presidency, that provides a chance to instruct, lead, or inspire others.

　　Creating slogans

　　In addition to slang, some presidents created slogans. A slogan is a short phrase used in advertising or political campaigns to get attention.

　　America First came from Woodrow Wilson, the 28th president, in 1915, and not Donald Trump, the 45th.

　　The 29th president, Warren Harding, gets credit for coming up with the term Founding Fathers. This describes the creators of the U.S. Constitution.

　　Before Calvin Coolidge, the 30th president, no political campaigner had ever called himself a law-and-order candidate. This means they support police efforts and enforcement of laws.

　　The 33rd president, Harry Truman, came up with the phrase do-nothing Congress. He is also famous for the saying, If you can't stand the heat, get out of the kitchen.

　　Sometimes presidents changed names to better describe their purpose. Dickson says, "It was Franklin D. Roosevelt who changed the name of the ‘Report to Congress' to the State of the Union."

　　Critics & criticisms

　　However, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the 32nd president, brought criticism when he said, "Well, it's pretty iffy as to where the Supreme Court stands on this." Iffy is another way of saying something is uncertain or unknown. His critics felt that the American president should use "proper" English.

　　In 1961, Dwight Eisenhower, the 34th president, was praised for using the term military-industrial complex to warn against the powerful alliance of the military, government, and private corporations.

　　But then he was criticized for using the word finalize in a speech. By adding -ize, he turned the word "final" into a verb.

　　Major papers at the time wrote that it was not "proper English" and called the word "meaningless."

　　Dickson says necessity is the reason presidents continue to create new words.

　　There was a solid majority from Richard Nixon, the 37th president. And Barack Obama, the 44th president, used shovel-ready to describe public work projects that were ready to start immediately.

　　When Joe Biden, the 46th president, ran for the White House in 2019, his campaign slogan was no malarkey. Malarkey is believed to be an expression often used by Irish Americans to describe insincere or meaningless talk.

　　And that, my friends, is no malarkey. I hope you enjoyed this special presidential Words and Their Stories.

　　Words in This Story

　　unique – adj. being the only one of its kind

　　slang – n. the special terms or expressions of a particular group or field

　　slogan – n. an attention-getting word or phrase used to publicize something (as a campaign or product)

　　proper – adj. following the established traditions of refined society and good taste