| THE MAKING OF A NATION - November 14, 2002: Richard Nixon, Part 3
By Jerilyn Watson
VOICE ONE:
This is Rich Kleinfeldt.
VOICE TWO:
And this is Stan Busby with THE MAKING OF A NATION, a VOA Special English program about the history
of the United States.
(THEME)
Today, we complete the story of the thirty-seventh president of the United States, Richard
Nixon.
VOICE ONE:
Richard Nixon's first term as president ended with hope for complete American
withdrawal from the fighting in Vietnam. Yet Americans still were very angry about the
war and its effects on life at home. Paying for it was difficult. Inflation was high.
Unemployment was high, too.
Some political observers thought the president would not be elected to a second term. Nixon, however, was sure
the American people would support him.
He did not campaign in the local primary elections before the Republican convention. Instead, in the winter and
spring of Nineteen-Seventy-Two, he visited China, Canada, Iran, Poland, and the Soviet Union.
VOICE TWO:
On June Seventeenth, Nineteen-Seventy-Two, something happened in Washington,
D-C. It was a small incident. But it would have a huge effect on the United States.
Five men broke into a center of the National Committee of the Democratic Party.
The building was called the Watergate. That name would become a symbol of
political crime in the nation's highest office.
VOICE ONE:
At the time, the incident did not seem important. Police caught the criminals. Later, however, more was learned.
The men had carried papers that linked them to top officials in the administration.
The question was: Did President Nixon know what was going on? He told reporters he was not involved. In time,
though, the Watergate case would lead to a congressional investigation of the president.
((MUSIC BRIDGE)
)
VOICE TWO:
For a while, the political conventions of the summer of Nineteen-Seventy-Two pushed the story of the Watergate
break-in out of the major news of the day.
The Democratic Party met and chose George McGovern as its candidate for president. McGovern was a senator
from the state of South Dakota. The choice of the Republican Party was no surprise. Delegates re-nominated
Richard Nixon.
McGovern attacked Nixon for his policies about Vietnam. McGovern's anger made many voters see him as an
extremist.
Nixon won the election of Nineteen-Seventy-Two by a huge popular vote. He would not be able to complete his
second term, however. This was because Watergate would not go away.
VOICE ONE:
Early in Nineteen-Seventy-Three, reporters found the evidence that linked the Watergate break-in to officials in
the White House. The evidence also showed that the officials tried to use government agencies to hide the
connection.
Pressure grew for a complete investigation. In April, President Nixon ordered the Justice Department to do this.
A special prosecutor was named to lead the government's investigation.
VOICE TWO:
A special Senate committee began its own investigation in May. A former White House lawyer provided the
major evidence. By July, it was learned that President Nixon had secretly made tape recordings of some of his
discussions and telephone calls. The Senate committee asked him for some of the tapes. Nixon refused. He said
the president of the United States has a Constitutional right to keep such records private.
VOICE ONE:
A federal judge ordered the president to surrender the tapes. Lawyers for the president
took the case to the nation's highest court. The Supreme Court supported the decision
of the lower court.
After that, pressure increased for Nixon to cooperate. In October, he offered to provide
written versions of the most important parts of the tape recordings. The special
prosecutor rejected the offer. So, Nixon ordered the head of the Justice Department to
dismiss him. The Attorney General refused to do this, and resigned.
((MUSIC BRIDGE))
VOICE TWO:
President Nixon had another political problem, in addition to Watergate. In late Nineteen-Seventy-Three, his vice
president, Spiro Agnew, was forced to resign. A court had found Agnew guilty of violating tax laws.
President Nixon asked Gerald Ford to become the new vice president. Ford was a long-time member of Congress
from the state of Michigan.
VOICE ONE:
By that time, some members of Congress were talking about removing President
Nixon from office. This is possible under American law if Congress finds that a
president has done something criminal. Was Richard Nixon covering up important
evidence in the case? Was he, in fact, guilty of wrongdoing?
VOICE TWO:
In April, Nineteen-Seventy-Four, Nixon surrendered some of his White House tape
recordings. However, three important discussions on the tapes were missing. The
Nixon administration explained. The tape machine had failed to record two of the
discussions, it said. The third discussion had been destroyed accidentally. Many Americans did not believe these
explanations.
(Cartoon - Robert Pryor,
1974)
1970: A lighter moment in
the White House.
Two months later, the Supreme Court ruled that a president cannot hold back evidence in a criminal case. It said
there is no presidential right of privacy in such a case.
VOICE ONE:
A committee of the House of Representatives also reached an historic decision in July, Nineteen-Seventy-Four. It
proposed that the full House put the president on trial. If Richard Nixon were found guilty of crimes involved in
the Watergate case, he would be removed from office.
Finally, Nixon surrendered the last of the documents. They appeared to provide proof that the president had
ordered evidence in the Watergate case to be covered up.
VOICE TWO:
The rights of citizens, as stated in the Constitution, are the basis of American democracy. Every president
promises to protect and defend these Constitutional rights. During the congressional investigation of Watergate,
lawmakers said that President Nixon had violated these rights.
They said he planned to delay and block the investigation of the Watergate break-in and other unlawful activities.
They said he repeatedly mis-used government agencies in an effort to hide wrong-doing and to punish his critics.
And they said he refused repeated orders to surrender papers and other materials as part of the investigation.
VOICE ONE:
Richard Nixon's long struggle to remain in office was over. He spoke to the nation on August Eighth.
NIXON: "Throughout the long and difficult period of Watergate, I have felt it was my duty to persevere, to make
every possible effort to complete the term of office to which you elected me. In the past few days, however, it has
become evident to me that I no longer have a strong enough political base in the Congress to justify continuing
that effort. Therefore, I shall resign the presidency effective at noon tomorrow."
VOICE TWO:
Never before had a president of the United States resigned. And never before did the United States have a
president who had not been elected. Gerald Ford had been appointed to the office of vice president. Now, he
would replace Richard Nixon. On August Ninth, Nineteen-Seventy-Four, he was sworn-in as the nation's thirty-
eighth president.
VOICE ONE:
Soon after becoming president, Gerald Ford made a surprise announcement. He pardoned Richard Nixon. Many
Americans criticized Ford for doing this. But he believed he had good reasons.
Ford wanted to move ahead and deal with the other problems that faced the nation. He did not want Watergate to
go on and on. The case did go on, however. Several top officials in the Nixon administration were tried, found
guilty, and sent to prison.
VOICE TWO:
The effects of the case went on, too. Watergate influenced government policy and public opinion for years.
For example, laws were passed to prevent an administration from using its power to punish opposition political
groups. Intelligence agencies were forced to provide Congress with more information about their activities. And
rules were approved to restrict the activities of public officials.
The American public, and especially the press, felt the effects of Watergate. Many citizens and reporters felt less
able to believe their government. As one writer said, "Never again will we trust our public officials in quite the
same way."
(THEME)
VOICE ONE:
This program of THE MAKING OF A NATION was written by Jeri Watson and produced by Paul Thompson.
This is Rich Kleinfeldt.
VOICE TWO:
And this is Stan Busby. Join us again next week for another VOA Special English program about the history of
the United States.
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