大学英语自学教程上UNIT9(在线收听) |
[00:04.41]Learned Words and Popular Words [00:07.04]书卷词语和普通词语 [00:09.67]In every cultivated language there are two [00:12.34]每一门经过陶冶的语言都有两大类词, [00:15.02]great classes of words which,taken together, make up the whole vocabulary. [00:19.15]它们一起构成了这门语言的总词汇。 [00:23.28]First there are those words [00:25.46]首先, [00:27.64]with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation [00:30.42]有类我们通过日常谈话熟悉的词, [00:33.20]which we learn, that is to say, [00:35.54]就是说, [00:37.88]from the members of our own family [00:40.15]我们从家人,朋友那里学来的, [00:42.42]and from our friends,and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write. [00:46.85]即使我们是文盲也知道和使用的词。 [00:51.28]They concern the common things of life, [00:53.92]这类词涉及日常生活 [00:56.56]and are the stock in trade of all who speak the language. [00:59.89]是所有使用此语言的人的常备词汇。 [01:03.22]Such words may be called "popular," [01:05.65]这样的词可称为“普通词语”,因为它们属于普通大众,而并非某一有限阶层人们专有。 [01:08.08]since they belong to the people at large [01:10.50]因为它们属于普通大众, [01:12.93]and are not the possession of a limited class only. [01:15.90]而并非某一有限阶层人们专有。 [01:18.86]On the other hand, our language includes a large number of words [01:22.44]另一方面,我们的语言包括了大量 [01:26.02]which are relatively seldom used in ordinary conversation. [01:29.05]在日常谈话中相对地使用较少的词。 [01:32.08]Their meanings are known to every educated person, [01:34.92]这些词的意思为每个受过教育的人所知, [01:37.75]but there is little occasion to use them at home. [01:40.53]但在家里几乎没有机会使用这些词。 [01:43.31]Our first acquaintance with them [01:45.59]我们不是 [01:47.86]comes not from our mother's lips or from the talk of our classmates, [01:51.29]从母亲的嘴里或从同班同学的谈话中, [01:54.73]but from books that we read, lectures that we hear, [01:57.55]而是从我们所读的书所听的讲座, [02:00.37]or the more formal conversation of highly educated speakers [02:03.70]或从受过高深教育的讲话者较正式谈话中, [02:07.03]who are discussing some particular topic in an elevated style. [02:10.46]他们用庄重的文体谈论一些特定的话题时, [02:13.88]Such words are called "learned", [02:16.52]首次了解到这些词的。 [02:19.15]and the difference between them and "popular" words [02:22.03]这些词被称为书卷词语, [02:24.90]is of great importance to a right understanding of language. [02:28.23]认识书卷词语与普通词语之间的差别对正确理解语言是至关重要的。 [02:31.56]The difference between popular and learned words [02:33.99]我们可以通过几个例子 [02:36.42]may be easily seen in a few examples. [02:39.26]清楚地看到这两类词的差别。 [02:42.09]We may describe a girl as "lively" or as "vivacious." [02:45.47]描写一个女孩活泼,我们可用“lively”或“vivacious”。 [02:48.86]In the first case, [02:50.63]前一种情况 [02:52.41] we are using a native English word formed from the familiar noun life. [02:56.54]我们用了一个由常见名词“life”转换而来的地道的英语词。 [03:00.66]In the latter, [03:02.14]后一种情况, [03:03.61]we are using a Latin derivative which has exactly the same meaning [03:06.85]我们用了一个意义完全相同的拉丁语派生词. [03:10.09]Yet the atmosphere of the two words is quite different. [03:13.33]但这两个词的色彩相支甚远。 [03:16.57] No one ever got the adjective lively out of a book. [03:19.75]从来没有人最初是由书上学到“lively”这个形容词的, [03:22.92]It is a part of everybody's vocabulary. [03:25.51]这个词不达意是在众词汇的一部分。 [03:28.09]We cannot remember a time when we did not know it, [03:30.76]我们不记得有不知道这个词的时候, [03:33.42]and we feel sure that we learned it long before we were able to read. [03:37.10]而且肯定在会读书前很久我们就已经认识它了。 [03:40.79]On the other hand, [03:42.55]另一方面, [03:44.31] we must have passed several years of our lives before learning the word vivacious. [03:47.80]我们可能过了好几年才学到“vivacious”这个词 [03:51.29]We may even remember the first time that we saw it in print or heard it from some grown-up friend. [03:55.86]我们甚至可能还记得,第一次在书上看到它或从一些成年朋友那儿听到它。 [04:00.43]Both lively and vivacious are good English words, [04:03.37]“lively”和“vivacious”都是很好的英语词, [04:06.31]but lively is popular and vivacious is learned. [04:09.43]但“lively”大众化而“vivacious”则带有书卷气。 [04:12.55]The terms"popular"and"learned,"as applied to words, [04:15.83]当用于词汇分类时,“普通的”和“书卷的” [04:19.11]are not absolute definitions[04:21.79]这两个术语的定义不是绝对的。 [04:24.46]No two persons have the same stock of words, [04:27.39]任何两个人掌握的词汇都不一样, [04:30.32]and the same word may be"popular"in one man's vocabulary [04:33.35]同一个词在某人的词汇里可能是“普通的”, [04:36.38]and"learned'in another's [04:38.61]而在另一个人的词汇里则是"书卷的". [04:40.84]There are also different grades of "popularity." [04:43.47]而且"普通"也有不同的等级。 [04:46.09]Still, the classification into "learned" and "popular" is convenient and sound. [04:50.43]然而,把词汇分成“书卷的”和“普通的”还是方便和合理的。 [04:54.77]Different opinions may come up as to the classification of any particular word, [04:58.89]人们也许在对某一特定词分类上会有分歧意见, [05:03.02]but there can be no difference of opinion about the general principle. [05:06.26]但对总原则则无异议。 [05:09.50]We must be careful, however, to avoid misconception. [05:12.88]可我们依然要小心避免概念混淆。 [05:16.26]When we call a word "popular," [05:18.45]当我们说一个词属于"普通的"时, [05:20.63]we do not mean that it is a favorite word, [05:23.21]并不意味着人们喜爱它, [05:25.80]but simply that it belongs to the people as a whole [05:28.83]而只不过昌它属于所有的人, [05:31.86]that is,it is everybody's wordnot the possession of a limited number. [05:35.83]即它是大众的词汇,而并非有限人们所独有. [05:39.80]When we call a word"learned"we do not mean [05:42.88]当我们称某一词是“书卷的”时, [05:45.97]that it is used by learned persons alone [05:48.64]不是指仅仅有学问的人才用, [05:51.32]but simply that its presence in the English vocabulary is due to books [05:54.95]而是它在英语词汇中存在是由于 [05:58.58]and the cultivation of litera ture [06:00.92]书籍和文学的陶冶, [06:03.26]rather than to the actual needs of ordinary conversation [06:06.34]而不是日常谈话的实际需要。 [06:09.42]TextB [06:12.17]How Should You Build Up Your Vocabulary? [06:14.15]如何增加你的词汇量? [06:16.14]Through Context [06:17.72]通过上下文 [06:19.30]When students in a college class were asked what should be done [06:22.03]当某班大学生被问到 [06:24.76]when they came across a new word in their reading,84 percent said, [06:27.84]在阅读中碰到一个生词怎么办时,84%的人说 [06:30.92]"Look it up in the dictionary." [06:32.61]“查字典”。 [06:34.29]If you do, however, you interrupt the very mental processes [06:37.22]但是,如果你这样做,你就打断了思维过程, [06:40.14]needed to make your efforts most productive [06:42.43]而这一思维过程能使你的努力最有成效。 [06:44.72]But there's another reason. [06:46.24]但是还另一个原因。 [06:47.77]Suppose someone asks you what the word "fast" means. [06:50.50]试想有人问你“fast”的意思, [06:53.23]You answer, "swift." [06:55.15]你回答说“快速的”。 [06:57.07]But does it mean that in such contexts as"fast color, [06:59.71]但在“ fast color”,“ [07:02.35]"fast woman,"or"fast friend" [07:04.42]“fast women”或“fast friend”这样一些上下文中它还是这个意思吗? [07:06.50]And if a horse is fast, [07:08.23]如果说一匹马“fast” [07:09.95]is it securely tied or running at top speed? It could be either. [07:13.19]是指它拴得牢,还是它跑得飞快? [07:16.43]It all depends. [07:17.90]两者可能都行,只能视情况而定 [07:19.38]On the dictionary? [07:20.82]这取决于词典吗? [07:22.25]No, on contexton how the word is actually used. [07:25.37]不,取决于上下文——即这个词实际上是怎样使用的。 [07:28.50]After all there are over twenty different meanings for "fast" in the dictionary. [07:32.08]毕竟在词典中“fast”有20多种不同的意思。 [07:35.65]But the dictionary doesn't tell you which meaning is intended. [07:38.14]但词典不会告诉你用的是哪意思。 [07:40.62]That's why it makes such good sense to begin with context. [07:43.19]这就是为什么 我们有充分理由要从上下文开始。 [07:45.76]Through Word Parts Now for the next step. [07:48.19]通过构词 现在我们看下一步。 [07:50.62]Often new words contain one or more parts, which, [07:53.26]通常新单词包含有一个或更多的部分, [07:55.90]if recognized, provide specific help with meaning. [07:58.54]而如果你能认识这些部分,那么对理解单词的意义就特别有帮助。 [08:01.18]Suppose you read that someone "had a preference for reading travel books." [08:04.26]假设你读到某人对阅读游记有“preference”, [08:07.34]The context certainly isn't too helpful. [08:09.56]这时上下文当然帮助不大。 [08:11.78]But do you see a prefix, suffix, or root that you know[08:14.72]但你是否看到你认识的前缀、后缀或词根了? [08:17.66]Well, there's the familiar prefix pre-, meaning "before." [08:21.08]哦,有一个你熟悉的前缀“pre-”,意即当前” [08:24.50]Look back at the context and try inserting "before." [08:27.34]回过来看上下文,并试着把“在前”嵌入。 [08:30.17]Reading travel books apparently comes "before" other kinds of reading. [08:33.59]显然阅读游记“优先”于其他种类的读物。 [08:37.02]Yes, a preference is something put "before" something else. [08:40.40]于是“prefer-ence”就是可优于别的事之间考虑的事情。 [08:43.78]Your second step, then, is to look for familiar word parts. [08:46.67]所以你的第二步,就是找熟悉的部分。 [08:49.55]If they do not give you exact meanings, [08:51.47]假如它们没能给出准确的意思, [08:53.39]they should at least bring you much closer. [08:55.37]至少也会使你把意思靠得更近。 [08:57.34]Now you-can see why you should consult the dictionary last,not first. [09:00.58]现在你明白为什么要最后而不是最先查词典了吧。 [09:03.82]You've looked carefully at context. [09:06.10]你已经仔细注意到了上下文, [09:08.39]You've looked for familiar word parts. [09:10.36]找了词的熟悉部分。 [09:12.33]Now you play Sherlock play Sherlock Holmes--an exalting role. [09:14.92]现在你扮演夏洛克。福尔摩斯吧——一个很刺激的角色。 [09:17.51]You guess. What exactly does that strange word mean? [09:20.38]你猜词吧。词准确的意思是什么? [09:23.25]Only when you go through the mental exercises [09:25.47]只有当你经过一番脑力活动, [09:27.69]to come up with a tentative definition [09:29.68]得了一个推测性的定义后, [09:31.66]should you open the dictionary to see if you're right. [09:33.84]才应该打开词典来看你正确与否。 [09:36.03]After all, those first two steps or approaches [09:38.61]毕竟,这开始的两步或两种办法 [09:41.20]spark a stronger than usual interest in that dictionary definition. [09:44.12]激发了你比通常更强烈的对词典定义的兴趣。 [09:47.05]You're now person ally involved. [09:48.88]现在你亲身投入了。 [09:50.71]Did you find out the word meaning? [09:52.44]找到词义了吗? [09:54.18]Your heightened interest will lead to better memory of both word and meaning. [09:57.42]你兴趣的提高会使你对单词和词义记忆更深, [10:00.66]It also encourages your development [10:02.63]还会激励你养成这一习惯, [10:04.60]of the habits needed to speed your progress. [10:07.03]以加快你的进步。 [10:09.46]And when you see in black and white the definition you had expected, [10:12.28]而当你在白纸黑字中发现了你所期待的定义时, [10:15.11]what a feeling of success is yours. [10:17.39]那该是一种怎样的成功喜悦啊! [10:19.68]In that way, the CPD,Formula provides you with maximum effectiveness. [10:23.61]CPD公式将以这样的方式使你取得最大的效果。 [10:27.54]Well, there it is, your new formula--Context, Parts, Dictionary. [10:31.42]对了,你的新公式CPD—— Context(上下文)、Parts(构词部分)和Dictionary(词典)。 [10:35.30]Use it! The exercises which follow will give you specific, [10:38.42]用这个公式吧,下面的练习会给你具体的、 [10:41.54]step-by-step help in sharpening your awareness of contextual clues, [10:44.92]循序渐进的帮助,使你敏锐察觉到上一文线索, [10:48.31]learning the most useful word parts, [10:50.59]学习到最有用的构词部分, [10:52.88]and using the dictionary with increased accuracy and ease [10:55.86]更准确自如地使用词典。 [10:58.83]The results will be like money in the bank. [11:01.20]其结果好比是你在银行有了一笔存款。 |
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