SCIENCE IN THE NEWS - Mammograms

SCIENCE IN THE NEWS -February 26, 2002: Mammograms

By Jerilyn Watson

VOICE ONE:
This is Bob Doughty¹.
VOICE TWO:
And this is Sarah Long with Science in the News, a VOA Special English program about recent developments in

science. Today, we tell about the debate over a test used in the fight against breast cancer.
((THEME)
)
VOICE ONE:
For many years, experts have suggested that women have breast X-ray examinations called mammograms. Many

doctors say these X-ray examinations reduce a woman’s chances of dying of breast cancer. In the United States,

an estimated one of eight women will develop breast cancer during her lifetime. The risk increases as a woman

gets older. The government has spent hundreds of millions of dollars to help pay for these mammograms.

VOICE TWO:

A mammogram takes a detailed² X-ray picture of the inside of the breast. The picture
can show if a woman has abnormal tissue that could be cancer. Health experts have
told women that early discovery could reduce their chances of dying of the disease.
They say the chances could be reduced by thirty percent. These experts have said
early discovery of cancer might prevent removal of the whole breast and other
severe treatments.

However, some experts no longer give this advice. They now say there is not enough evidence to say that
mammograms reduce deaths from breast cancer. They say early discovery of breast cancer does not always
guarantee that the disease will not spread to other parts of the body. Many women and their doctors are left
questioning what to do.

VOICE ONE:

Mammograms can show an extremely small tumor³. They can show cancer long before a patient suspects it. But

now, some doctors say cells from even a very small tumor may threaten a woman’s survival. They say a small
tumor may not be an early tumor. They say cells from these cancers may already have spread to other parts of the
body.

Some experts say long-term survival does not depend on the size of the breast tumor. They say survival depends
on the aggressiveness of the tumor. If a tumor has already invaded other parts of the body, even the best
treatment may not save the patient’s life.

VOICE TWO:

An independent committee advises the National Cancer Institute about cancer testing and prevention. For years,
this committee has advised women to start having mammograms at about age forty.

Last month, the committee said it would no longer advise mammograms. Ten experts found problems in the
studies that helped make mammograms an important cancer-fighting tool. The experts said these studies were not
performed correctly. Some of the studies were started as early as Nineteen-Sixty-Three. At that time, some
requirements for such studies were not as demanding as they are today.


However, the National Cancer Institute disagrees with the independent committee. The institute will continue to
advise women in their forties and older to have mammograms every one to two years.

((MUSIC BRIDGE ))

VOICE ONE:

Criticism of mammograms began to increase last October. At that time, the British scientific publication The
Lancet reported on early breast cancer studies. The report said they show mammograms provide only a little
protection against dying of breast cancer. It said there is not enough clear evidence to decide the value of
mammograms.

Two scientists from the Nordic Cochrane Center in Copenhagen, Denmark wrote the report. They said five of
seven earlier studies of mammograms have problems. They said possible mistakes in the records may have
weakened the research. They also said health histories of women in one study may have contained mistakes.

The Lancet, however, now has published a more recent report on the subject. This report says a Swedish study
confirms the value of mammograms. Their report says evidence developed in Sweden shows mammograms can
provide long-term protection against death from breast cancer.

((MUSIC BRIDGE))

VOICE TWO:

Health scientists are debating the conflicting evidence. For example, ten health advisory⁴ organizations placed an
advertising⁵ message in The New York Times newspaper in late January. This ad advised women to continue
having mammograms. The American Academy of Family Physicians and the American Cancer Society were
among the groups that placed the ad.

Doctors who treat cancer belong to the American Society of Clinical Oncology. The society has organized a
committee to study mammograms. The United States Preventive Services collects and prepares health
information. The group is organizing a report. Two United States senators plan hearings on the issue.

VOICE ONE:

Barron Lerner is a doctor at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University in New York City.
Doctor Lerner has written a book called “The Breast Cancer Wars.
”
He says both supporters and critics of
mammograms have provided valuable information.

Doctor Lerner says a woman’s age can help her decide about mammograms. He says he will not advise women
under fifty whether or not to have the test. He will continue to suggest a yearly mammogram for women ages
fifty to seventy.

Many breast cancer experts still believe that mammograms can save lives. They say mammograms find more
early cancer tumors than any other test. In the past twenty years, death rates from breast cancer have dropped.
However it is not clear if this is the result of early treatment due to mammography, better treatment, better
education or some other reason.

((MUSIC BRIDGE))

VOICE TWO:

Millions of Americans have become activists⁶ against breast cancer. This activism began almost thirty years ago.
In Nineteen-Seventy-Four, the wife of President Gerald Ford⁷ had an operation for breast cancer. At the time,
there was far less public discussion of this kind of cancer than today. Then Betty Ford openly discussed her
disease. She helped Americans learn and talk about breast cancer. Many women went to their doctors for
examinations.

Today, activists work to increase money for breast cancer research. They demand better education and treatment
for the disease. Activists include men and women, individuals and businesses. They may disagree about


mammography or other issues. But they all share the goal of trying to save lives.

VOICE ONE:

For example, a woman named Nancy Brinker started the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation in
Nineteen-Eighty-Two. It honors the memory of her sister who died of breast cancer.

The sisters had a close relationship while growing up in Peoria, Illinois. Later they lived far apart. However, they
talked by telephone every day. Miz Brinker says she still remembers the day her sister said she had a lump in her
breast. This growth proved to be cancer.

Some of America’s best doctors treated Susan Komen. But she died of the disease. After that, Nancy Brinker
started her foundation. She decided⁸ to see if one person could make a difference in the struggle against breast
cancer. During the past twenty years, this organization has worked hard to fight the disease.

The Komen foundation operates a telephone information line for patients and others. The foundation and allied⁹
organizations have raised more than two-hundred-forty-million dollars. The money helps provide research,
education, examinations and treatment.

VOICE TWO:

One of the events that the Komen foundation organizes is called “Race for the Cure.
”
This year, more than
one-million people will walk or run in the five-kilometer race. These events take place in more than one-hundred
American cities and three other nations. They are held to raise money. Many other organizations and businesses
also organize walks, races and other events to raise money for breast cancer research.

The wife of a seventy-five -year-old retired¹⁰ Army officer died of breast cancer several years ago. Since then her
husband has taken part in two fund -raising events. Last year, he walked more than eighty kilometers to aid
breast-cancer research and treatment.The retired officer said he did this to honor the memory of his wife. He said
he also did it to protect the future of their daughter.

((THEME))

VOICE ONE:

This SCIENCE IN THE NEWS program was written by Jerilyn Watson. It was produced by Cynthia Kirk. This
is Bob Doughty.

VOICE TWO:

And this is Sarah Long. Join us again next week for more news about science in Special English on the VOICE
OF AMERICA.

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1 doughty   

adj.勇猛的，坚强的

参考例句：

• Most of successful men have the characteristics of contumacy and doughty.绝大多数成功人士都有共同的特质：脾气倔强，性格刚强。
• The doughty old man battled his illness with fierce determination.坚强的老人用巨大毅力与疾病作斗争。

2 detailed   

adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的

参考例句：

• He had made a detailed study of the terrain.他对地形作了缜密的研究。
• A detailed list of our publications is available on request.我们的出版物有一份详细的目录备索。

3 tumor   

n.（肿）瘤，肿块(英)tumour

参考例句：

• He was died of a malignant tumor.他死于恶性肿瘤。
• The surgeons irradiated the tumor.外科医生用X射线照射那个肿瘤。

4 advisory   

adj.劝告的，忠告的，顾问的，提供咨询

参考例句：

• I have worked in an advisory capacity with many hospitals.我曾在多家医院做过顾问工作。
• He was appointed to the advisory committee last month.他上个月获任命为顾问委员会委员。

5 advertising   

n.广告业；广告活动 a.广告的；广告业务的

参考例句：

• Can you give me any advice on getting into advertising? 你能指点我如何涉足广告业吗?
• The advertising campaign is aimed primarily at young people. 这个广告宣传运动主要是针对年轻人的。

6 activists   

n.（政治活动的）积极分子，活动家( activist的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• His research work was attacked by animal rights activists . 他的研究受到了动物权益维护者的抨击。
• Party activists with lower middle class pedigrees are numerous. 党的激进分子中有很多出身于中产阶级下层。 来自《简明英汉词典》

7 Ford   

n.浅滩，水浅可涉处；v.涉水，涉过

参考例句：

• They were guarding the bridge,so we forded the river.他们驻守在那座桥上，所以我们只能涉水过河。
• If you decide to ford a stream,be extremely careful.如果已决定要涉过小溪，必须极度小心。

8 decided   

adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的

参考例句：

• This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
• There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。

9 allied   

adj.协约国的；同盟国的

参考例句：

• Britain was allied with the United States many times in history.历史上英国曾多次与美国结盟。
• Allied forces sustained heavy losses in the first few weeks of the campaign.同盟国在最初几周内遭受了巨大的损失。

10 retired   

adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的

参考例句：

• The old man retired to the country for rest.这位老人下乡休息去了。
• Many retired people take up gardening as a hobby.许多退休的人都以从事园艺为嗜好。