SCIENCE IN THE NEWS - U.S. Nursing Shortage / Depression and

SCIENCE IN THE NEWS -August 27, 2002: U.S. Nursing Shortage / Depression and Alzheimer's Linked? /
New Findings About Malaria¹

VOICE ONE:
This is Phoebe Zimmerman.
VOICE TWO:
And this is Steve Ember with Science in the News, a VOA Special English program about recent developments

in science. Today, we tell about problems caused by a lack of nurses working in American hospitals. We tell
about a possible link between depression and Alzheimer’s disease. We tell about a poisonous weed discovered
in the eastern United States. And we tell new information about the organism that causes malaria.

((THEME))
VOICE ONE:

A new report says a lack of nurses in American hospitals is putting hospital patients
at risk. The report says the lack of trained medical workers is partly to blame for
incidents that kill or injure patients. It urges the federal government and the health
care industry to take steps to deal with the problem.

The Joint² Commission on Accreditation³ of Healthcare Organizations released the
report. The commission is a private group that inspects and judges the quality of
American hospitals.

Most nurses work in hospitals. They care for sick people and help them get better. Other nurses work in medical
offices, schools or retirement⁴ centers for older adults. Visiting nurses go to the homes of sick people to care for
them.

VOICE TWO:

The new report warns that more than one-hundred-twenty-six-thousand nursing positions in the United States
have not been filled. It says that number is expected to rise in the next few years, when millions of older
Americans will need health care services.

The report also says ninety percent of nursing homes for old people who are sick do not have enough nurses to
provide even the most common care. It notes that some home health care agencies are being forced to refuse new
patients.

The commission based its findings on a study of unexpected problems in American hospitals that resulted in
death or injury. The hospitals reported one-thousand-six -hundred such cases involving deaths or serious injury
since nineteen-ninety-six. The report says the lack of nurses was partly responsible for twenty -four percent of the
problems that resulted in death or injury to hospital patients.

For example, a lack of nurses was found partly responsible for fifty percent of all problems involving breathing
equipment. Nursing shortages also were partly to blame for forty-two percent of incidents involving medical
operations and nineteen percent of problems involving medicine.

VOICE ONE:

Experts say there are several reasons for the shortage of nurses in hospitals. Many hospitals are trying to cut costs
and save money by employing fewer nurses. Many nurses leave the profession because they must work too many
hours each day. They also say the job is difficult and stressful. Many more people are leaving the nursing
profession than are entering it.


The report suggests three ways to increase the number of nurses. One is to improve the working conditions for
nurses. The report also proposes improving training for nursing students. And it suggests giving more federal
money to hospitals.

Last month, Congress approved a measure designed to ease the nursing shortage. The measure provides financial
aid for nursing students who agree to work for at least two years at a hospital with a shortage of nurses. President
Bush recently signed the bill into law.

((MUSIC BRIDGE))

VOICE TWO:

American scientists say they have established a possible link between the medical
condition depression and Alzheimer’s disease. They say older adults who report signs
of depression may be more likely to develop Alzheimer’s than other people. The
findings are reported in “Neurology,
”
a publication of the American Academy of
Neurology.

Alzheimer's disease affects millions of people throughout the world. It destroys their
ability to think and remember. In the United States alone, an estimated one in ten
people over the age of sixty-five suffers from this disease.

VOICE ONE:

The new study involved more than six-hundred-fifty men and women over the age of sixty -five. They all were
members of the clergy⁵ of the Roman Catholic Church. The study included yearly examinations of the nervous
system and tests of thinking and memory. Damage to short-term memory is one of the first signs of Alzheimer’

s.
About half of the people reported no signs of depression at the start of the study. The other half had between one
and eight common signs of the condition. Depression causes intense feelings of sadness. Common signs are lack
of energy and loss of interest in things a person once enjoyed. Other signs are difficulty thinking, problems
sleeping or eating and thoughts of death.

VOICE TWO:

At the end of seven years, one-hundred-eight people in the study had developed Alzheimer’s disease. Robert
Wilson of the Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center in Chicago, Illinois led the study. He says there was an almost
twenty percent increase in the risk of Alzheimer’s with each sign of depression reported at the beginning of the
study. He says he and his team believe these signs appear to be linked to the risk of developing the disease.

Mister Wilson is an expert in measuring how memory works in older adults. He says it is difficult to say why
there appears to be a connection between depression and Alzheimer’s. He notes that evidence of Alzheimer’
s
has been found in the brains of older people after they die. However, not all of those people had the common
signs of the disease. He also says it is possible that other processes not understood by scientists might show how
well a person is able to fight the disease.

((MUSIC BRIDGE))

VOICE ONE:

A huge poisonous plant from the Caucasus Mountains of central Asia is now growing in
several parts of the United States. Officials in Massachusetts confirmed the presence of this
giant hogweed last month. It was the first time the weed has been identified in the state.
Officials in other areas also warn about hogweed. It has been reported in about six states in
other parts of the country.

Massachusetts agricultural experts discovered the hogweed when a woman suffered hand
and leg wounds after she cut back a tall weed. The hogweed was growing on her farm near
Springfield, Massachusetts.


(Photo -metrokc.gov)
VOICE TWO:

Hogweed can be easily recognized by its size. It can grow to a height of more than four-
and-one-half meters. Its leaves grow to be about one-and-one-half meters across. Hogweed
produces white flowers from late spring to the middle of summer. It also produces flat, dry
fruits.One agricultural expert called the weed evil.

Fluid from the weed contains a harmful chemical that destroys the ability of the skin to
block damaging ultraviolet rays from the sun. This causes severe burns that can
permanently⁶ mark the skin.

VOICE ONE:

Scientists believe hogweed is about one-hundred years old. It comes from an area between the Caspian and Black
seas in central Asia. Scientists are not sure exactly when it first arrived in the United States. It was introduced in
the United States, Canada and Britain as an unusual plant for the garden. After its poisonous effects were
discovered, it was barred from entering the United States. But some experts say its continues to arrive with
travelers from other countries.

((MUSIC BRIDGE))

VOICE TWO:

Researchers in the United States have discovered that the organism that causes the
disease malaria is genetically⁷ more developed and much older than earlier thought.
Because of this, they say it will be harder to develop medicines to prevent and treat
the deadly disease.

Plasmodium falciparum (plas-MO -dee-um fall-SIP-ah-rum) is the parasite⁸ that
causes the most deadly kind of malaria. Each year, the disease kills more than two-million people and infects
more than two-hundred-million people. In the past, doctors used the drug chloroquine (KLOR-oh-kwine) to treat
malaria.

However, over the past few decades the falciparum parasite has developed resistance to the medicine. Xin-zhuan
Su (sin-SCHWAN soo) led the two studies published last month in the publication Nature. He says that new
treatments to fight malaria may be possible as scientists learn more about the history of the falciparum parasite.

((THEME))

VOICE ONE:

This SCIENCE IN THE NEWS program was written by George Grow, Jerilyn Watson and Jill Moss⁹. It was
produced by Cynthia Kirk. This is Phoebe Zimmerman.

VOICE TWO:

And this is Steve Ember. Join us again next week for more news about science in Special English on the Voice of
America.

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1 malaria   

n.疟疾

参考例句：

• He had frequent attacks of malaria.他常患疟疾。
• Malaria is a kind of serious malady.疟疾是一种严重的疾病。

2 joint   

adj.联合的，共同的；n.关节，接合处；v.连接，贴合

参考例句：

• I had a bad fall,which put my shoulder out of joint.我重重地摔了一跤，肩膀脫臼了。
• We wrote a letter in joint names.我们联名写了封信。

3 accreditation   

n.委派，信赖，鉴定合格

参考例句：

• a letter of accreditation 一份合格证明书
• This paper gives an overview of the Verification, Validation and Accreditation (VV&A) in High Level Architecture(HLA). 对基于高层体系结构(High Level Architecture,简称HLA)的仿真系统的校核、验证与确认(Verification, Validation and Accreditation,简称VV&A)问题进行了详细的介绍及分析。 来自互联网

4 retirement   

n.退休，退职

参考例句：

• She wanted to enjoy her retirement without being beset by financial worries.她想享受退休生活而不必为金钱担忧。
• I have to put everything away for my retirement.我必须把一切都积蓄起来以便退休后用。

5 clergy   

n.[总称]牧师，神职人员

参考例句：

• I could heartily wish that more of our country clergy would follow this example.我衷心希望，我国有更多的牧师效法这个榜样。
• All the local clergy attended the ceremony.当地所有的牧师出席了仪式。

6 permanently   

adv.永恒地，永久地，固定不变地

参考例句：

• The accident left him permanently scarred.那次事故给他留下了永久的伤疤。
• The ship is now permanently moored on the Thames in London.该船现在永久地停泊在伦敦泰晤士河边。

7 genetically   

adv.遗传上

参考例句：

• All the bees in the colony are genetically related. 同一群体的蜜蜂都有亲缘关系。
• Genetically modified foods have already arrived on American dinner tables. 经基因改造加工过的食物已端上了美国人的餐桌。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 基因与食物

8 parasite   

n.寄生虫；寄生菌；食客

参考例句：

• The lazy man was a parasite on his family.那懒汉是家里的寄生虫。
• I don't want to be a parasite.I must earn my own way in life.我不想做寄生虫，我要自己养活自己。

9 moss   

n.苔，藓，地衣

参考例句：

• Moss grows on a rock.苔藓生在石头上。
• He was found asleep on a pillow of leaves and moss.有人看见他枕着树叶和苔藓睡着了。