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(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
Everyday Grammar: The 'Should' vs. 'Shall' Debate
For VOA Learning English, this is Everyday Grammar.
Last week in Paris, leaders from 195 countries reached a major global climate agreement. In the final hours of meetings, one little word made the difference between success and failure.
Near the end of the talks, a version of the agreement contained the word shall instead of should.
These two words may seem similar, but pay close attention to how they are used here in Article 4.4 of the agreement:
“Developed country Parties shall continue taking the lead by undertaking1 economy-wide absolute emission2 reduction targets. Developing country Parties should continue enhancing3 their mitigation efforts…”
In earlier versions of the agreement, the word shall in the first sentence had been should.
U.S. government lawyers noticed the word change. Just hours before a final vote on the climate deal, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry phoned the French foreign minister.
“We cannot do this,” Kerry told him.
The change from should to shall introduced new legal and financial requirements. These requirements concerned Kerry and other U.S. leaders in Paris. The difference in meaning between these two words almost caused the first global climate agreement in 18 years to fail.
If these two words could almost ruin a major global climate deal, we should probably take a closer look at them here on Everyday Grammar.
This should help:
Both should and shall are auxiliary4 verbs. Auxiliary verbs are followed by the simple form of a main verb. For example, “He should go.” In this sentence, “go” is the main verb.
The auxiliary verb should has many different meanings. It is often used to express certainty5 or possibility. For example, “They should be here soon.”
We also use should to give advice or an opinion. For example, if a friend says she is always tired, you might tell her, “You should get more sleep.”
Should can also express a goal or something that is not required. Before the holidays, many Americans say, “I should lose weight.” After the large holiday meal, we say, “I should exercise more!”
Should also expresses the idea that something is expected or correct. For example, “You should see the train station after you exit the Metro6.”
Let’s take another look at the Paris climate deal. Article 4.4 stated: "Developing country Parties should continue enhancing their mitigation efforts…”
In other words, the goal of developing countries is to continue improving their efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions7.
The word should does not express a legal requirement. But shall, in the case of the climate agreement, does.
Shall we continue?
We often use the auxiliary verb shall to indicate a promise. Often, that promise is part of a legal agreement.
Article 4.4 of the Paris climate deal stated that developed countries “shall continue taking the lead by undertaking economy-wide absolute emission reduction targets.”
Replacing should with shall created stronger legal requirements for developed countries than developing countries. That is why the U.S. opposed the word change. The U.S. argued that shall needed to be changed back to should.
French leaders told Kerry that someone must have made a typing mistake. Hours later, delegates8 from 195 countries agreed to the climate deal.
Kerry later said of the shall vs. should debate, “We made it crystal clear that every text up until this particular one had a different wording. So it wasn't hard for them to realize that somebody had made a mistake, and they accepted responsibility for it.”
The auxiliary shall does not always have such serious effects. In the Everyday Grammar article, Six Differences Between British and American English, we learned that Brits sometimes use shall to express the future. For example, “I shall see you tomorrow.” It is similar to the verb will.
And American Army General Douglas MacArthur once promised to return to the Philippines by famously saying, “I shall return.”
In American English, we sometimes use shall in questions to make an offer. Shall is a more polite choice than should. For example, you might ask, “Shall I meet you after work?”
But for Secretary Kerry, there was nothing polite about the word shall in the Paris climate agreement.
That’s it for this week’s Everyday Grammar. We leave you with the words of American folk singer Bob Dylan. You should be able to hear the auxiliary shall in the song:
Any day now, any day now
I shall be released
Words in This Story
developed country - n. a country that has fewer poor people because it has industry and can raise money
developing country - n. a country that has more poor people because it lacks industry and people are unable to buy the things they need
greenhouse (gas) - adj. relating to the warming of the Earth's atmosphere that is caused by air pollution
emissions - n. produced or released (such as energy or gas) from a source
crystal clear - (idiomatic expression). without a doubt; very certain
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1
undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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emission
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| n.发出物，散发物；发出，散发 | |
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enhancing
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| v.提高( enhance的现在分词 )；增进；用计算机增强（照片等）；提高…的价值（或价格）；探溯语源，指示语源( etymologize的过去式和过去分词 )；增进；用计算机增强（照片等）；提高…的价值（或价格） | |
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auxiliary
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| adj.辅助的，备用的 | |
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certainty
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| n.必然的事，确定的事实，确信，确实 | |
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metro
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| n.地铁；adj.大都市的；(METRO)麦德隆(财富500强公司之一总部所在地德国，主要经营零售) | |
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emissions
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| 排放物( emission的名词复数 )； 散发物（尤指气体） | |
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delegates
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| 代表，代表团成员( delegate的名词复数 ) | |
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