VOA慢速英语2015 词汇掌故:国际求救信号SOS

S.O.S. – In Other Words, Help! 词汇掌故:国际求救信号SOS

Now, the VOA Learning English program, Words and Their Stories.

现在是美国之音慢速英语词汇掌故节目。

Different people have different ways of saying things – their own special expressions. Each week we tell about some popular American expressions.

不同的人都有他们自己独特的词汇。每周我们都会讲述一些美国常用词汇。

What you are listening to is a call for help. It is the Morse code distress¹ signal S.O.S. For years, telegraph operators used Morse code to communicate across the country and around the world.

今天你将听到的是摩斯电码求救信号S.O.S。世界各地的电报员们多年来一直使用莫斯电码交流。

A skilled operator could send and receive 30 or 40 words a minute. In the language of Morse code, the letter "S" is three short dots and the letter "O" is three longer dashes. Put them together and you have S.O.S.

一位熟练的电报员每分钟可以接发30到40个单词。在莫斯电码的语言中，字母S是三个短点，而字母O是三个长破折号。将它们连在一起就是SOS。

These sounds represent the international call for help because they are easy to recognize. Now, it is simply known as S.O.S.

这些声音代表着国际求救信号，因为它们易于识别。现在，它被简称为S.O.S。

But many people think that S.O.S. stands for "Save Our Ship" or "Save Our Souls." It does not. S.O.S. has come to mean that because of how we use it – when we need to be saved, as when a ship is sinking.

但是很多人认为，S.O.S.代表的是"Save Our Ship" or "Save Our Souls." 不是这样。S.O.S.代表这层意思是因为我们如何使用它，例如当一艘船正在下沉我们需要被救援时。

S.O.S. is an example of a new, if somewhat unofficial, word in the English language. We call it a backronym. A backronym is a combination of two words: backward and acronym².

S.O.S.是英语语言中一种非正式的新单词的例子。我们称之为反向缩略语（backronym）。backronym是backward和acronym两个单词的组合。

An acronym is an abbreviation, a shorter version of a long word or expression. For example, the word "scuba³" is an acronym. It stands for self-contained underwater breathing apparatus⁴. But scuba is so much easier to say!

Acronym是指首字母缩略词，是一个长的单词或短语的缩写。例如，scuba这个单词就是首字母缩略词，它代表的是self-contained underwater breathing apparatus。但是scuba说起来就容易得多。

Backronyms, on the other hand, are built in the opposite way. They are made by creating a phrase or expression for an already existing word or acronym.

反向缩略语则以之相反。它们是为已经存在的单词或缩略语创造一条短语。

For example, the United States Department of Justice recently gave new meaning to its Amber⁵ Alert program. Now, Amber officially stands for "America's Missing: Broadcast Emergency Response." But the program was originally named for Amber Hagerman, a nine-year-old girl who was kidnapped and murdered in Texas in 1996.

例如，美国司法部最近赋予其安珀警报计划（Amber Alert program）新的意义。现在Amber正式代表“美国失踪案紧急广播响应。”但是该计划最初得名于1996年德克萨斯州被绑架谋杀的一位9岁小女孩Amber Hagerman。

Sometimes, backronyms come from outdated⁶ language. Writing "CC" at the end of a document once meant "carbon copy." Before computers and email, people would often make a carbon copy of a letter they sent on official business. These days we often send electronic copies of letters by email, not carbon copies. So, "CC" is now a backronym that means "courtesy copy"

有时候，反向缩略语来自于旧式语言。在文档末尾写上CC曾经意味的是复写副本。在有电脑和电子邮件之前，人们经常会在发送公函时制作一份复写副本。现在我们经常通过电子邮件发送电子副本，而不是复写副本。因此，CC现在是一个反向缩略词，代表的是抄送。

Americans often use backronyms as jokes. For example, NASA, the U.S. space agency, named a treadmill⁷ on the International Space Station after the television personality Stephen Colbert. The agency created the name "Combined Operational Load-Bearing External Resistance Treadmill" to spell out the name COLBERT.

美国人经常利用反向缩略词来搞笑。例如，美国宇航局（简称为NASA）用电视名人斯蒂芬·科尔伯特（Stephen Colbert）来命名国际空间站上的跑步机。该机构创造了"Combined Operational Load-Bearing External Resistance Treadmill（组合式操作承重外部阻力跑步机）"这个名称来拼出COLBERT这个名字。

Who says scientists lack a sense of humor?

谁说科学家缺乏幽默感？

Do not worry if you have never heard of backronyms. Many Americans have not either. The earliest known use of "backronym" appeared in The Washington Post in 1983.

如果你没听过反向缩略词，别担心。很多美国人也没听过。我们现在知道的backronym这个单词的使用最早出现在1983年的华盛顿邮报上。

The newspaper asked readers to send in a new word. Editors picked Meredith G. Williams as the winner with her word, "backronym," spelled with or without a "k." She defined backronym, as the "same as an acronym, except that the words were chosen to fit the letters."

该报让读者提出一个新单词。编辑选择了梅雷迪思·G·威廉姆斯（Meredith G. Williams）为胜出者。她的单词是backronym，拼写时有没有k都行。她定义backronym为“和缩略语相同，但是所选择的单词是为了对应这个字母。”

1 distress   

n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛

参考例句：

• Nothing could alleviate his distress.什么都不能减轻他的痛苦。
• Please don't distress yourself.请你不要忧愁了。

2 acronym   

n.首字母简略词，简称

参考例句：

• That's a mouthful of an acronym for a very simple technology.对于一项非常简单的技术来说，这是一个很绕口的缩写词。
• TSDF is an acronym for Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities.TSDF是处理，储存和处置设施的一个缩写。

3 scuba   

n.水中呼吸器

参考例句：

• I first got hooked on scuba diving when I was twelve.12岁时我开始迷上了带水中呼吸器潜水。
• While on honeymoon in Bali,she learned to scuba dive.她在巴厘岛度蜜月时学会了带水肺潜水。

4 apparatus   

n.装置，器械；器具，设备

参考例句：

• The school's audio apparatus includes films and records.学校的视听设备包括放映机和录音机。
• They had a very refined apparatus.他们有一套非常精良的设备。

5 amber   

n.琥珀；琥珀色；adj.琥珀制的

参考例句：

• Would you like an amber necklace for your birthday?你过生日想要一条琥珀项链吗？
• This is a piece of little amber stones.这是一块小小的琥珀化石。

6 outdated   

adj.旧式的，落伍的，过时的；v.使过时

参考例句：

• That list of addresses is outdated,many have changed.那个通讯录已经没用了，许多地址已经改了。
• Many of us conform to the outdated customs laid down by our forebears.我们许多人都遵循祖先立下的过时习俗。

7 treadmill   

n.踏车；单调的工作

参考例句：

• The treadmill has a heart rate monitor.跑步机上有个脉搏监视器。
• Drugs remove man from the treadmill of routine.药物可以使人摆脱日常单调的工作带来的疲劳。