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(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
US Education Secretary’s Policy Changes Had Mixed Results in 2018
United States Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos moved to make several policy changes affecting American higher education in 2018.
This included reversals in court, some criticism and also several new policies.
Rules for investigations1 into sexual attacks
DeVos’s move in 2017 to withdraw guidance for colleges and universities given by the administration of former President Barack Obama has faced criticism. The guidance dealt with what colleges and universities should do about accusations2 of sexual assault.
In January 2018, three activist3 groups took legal action against the department. The groups said withdrawing the guidelines hurt protections guaranteed by the 1972 federal law known as Title IX.
Title IX bars discrimination based on sex at American colleges and universities, as well as at elementary and secondary schools. Schools that receive federal money are required to offer a clear way for students and employees to report sexual assault. They also must hold fair, open investigations.
In 2011, the Obama administration added guidance about how to deal with sexual violence accusations. Some rights groups praised the new rules at the time.
However, the Education Department withdrew the Obama administration rules in September 2017. It said they failed to provide fairness to both the accuser and the accused.
Skye Perryman is with Democracy Forward. Her group, the National Women’s Law Center, and the National Center for Youth Law brought the action against the Department of Education. Perryman told VOA that DeVos’s withdrawal4 of the 2011 guidelines would have a bad effect on those who might experience sexual violence.
“Individuals who’ve experienced…sexual violence, and sexual assault on campuses have been chilled in their ability to bring claims, because they do not believe that the system will protect them,” she said.
New rules released for public comment
In November, DeVos released new, proposed rules for investigating sexual wrongdoing at colleges and universities.
The new plan must go through a 60-day public comment process before it can be finalized5. It includes some changes sought by some groups. For example, one of the new guidelines would give accused students the chance to ask their accusers questions.
In a statement, DeVos said, “We can, and must, condemn6 sexual violence and punish those who perpetrate it, while ensuring a fair grievance7 process.”
Under the proposed rules, schools would only be required to investigate accusations if the reported incidents happened on areas overseen8 by the schools. The earlier guidelines had required schools to investigate all accusations wherever they were reported to have taken place.
Some rights groups, like the American Civil Liberties Union, have said on Twitter that the proposed rules are unfair to the accuser.
The period for comment on the new rules ends in January.
Student borrowing legal case
In early March, former Corinthian Colleges students made the claim that the Education Department unfairly used information about how much money they earn. The students said the agency used information from the Social Security Department to limit their student loan debt relief.
Corinthian Colleges was a for-profit higher education company that operated several schools across the U.S. and Canada. In 2015, the U.S. government found evidence it was illegally misinforming its students.
The Education Department has the ability to, in many cases, forgive student loan debt. Under former President Obama, the department paid $550 million to forgive student loans for tens of thousands of former Corinthian students.
The department then made rules designed to clarify how students can get debt relief. The rules were opposed by many for-profit colleges and universities.
The policy is known as borrower defense9, and the changes were meant to go into effect in July 2017. But DeVos said the rule made forgiving loans too easy and was unfair to taxpayers10. So she blocked it while attempting to create a new policy to replace it.
In September 2018, U.S. District Judge Randolph Moss11 decided12 that DeVos’s delay was unlawful.
Changes without opposition13
Some of DeVos’s policy changes have not faced legal opposition.
In September, the Education Department removed national median data from its online tool that helps students decide which college or university to attend. A median number is one in a series of numbers that represents the middle value.
In 2013, the Obama administration launched the website, called College Scorecard. It is a database for important information on schools across the country, including yearly costs and average student debt.
The Education Department removed national median numbers from the website this year. It said that it was unfair to compare all schools with that measure. However, even some supporters of Secretary DeVos and her efforts found the change in the College Scorecard troubling.
“If you do not have anything to compare it to, you don’t understand … what’s out there,” said Daniel Elkins with the Enlisted14 Association of the National Guard of the United States. “Then you have to compare multiple graphs, multiple charts, and try and figure out an average on your own,” he added.
The Associated Press reports that DeVos announced one more major policy proposal for schools of all levels on Tuesday.
In 2014, the Obama administration urged schools not to suspend, remove or report students involved in bad behavior to police, except in extreme cases. That guidance came after research showed black students were more than three times as likely as white students to be suspended or removed.
However, a federal school safety commission has recommended changes to that policy in its final report. DeVos led the commission. She said that the federal government should not make one rule for all schools.
“The primary responsibility for the physical security of schools and the safety of their students naturally rests with states and local communities,” DeVos said.
I’m Pete Musto.
And I’m Dorothy Gundy.
Words in This Story
reversal(s) – n. a change to an opposite state, condition, or decision
assault – n. the crime of trying or threatening to hurt someone physically15
campus – n. the area and buildings around a university, college, or school
chilled – adj. to make someone less likely to do something especially through fear of penalty
perpetrate – v. to cause something that should be stopped, such as a mistaken idea or a bad situation, to continue
grievance – n. a statement in which you say you are unhappy or not satisfied with something
oversee(n) – v. to watch and direct a place or group of people in order to be sure that things are done correctly
relief – n. the removal or reducing of something that is painful or unpleasant
graph(s) – n. a drawing that uses a series of dots and lines to show how much or how quickly something changes
chart(s) – n. information in the form of a table or diagram
收听单词发音 |
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investigations
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| （正式的）调查( investigation的名词复数 )； 侦查； 科学研究； 学术研究 | |
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accusations
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| n.指责( accusation的名词复数 )；指控；控告；（被告发、控告的）罪名 | |
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activist
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| n.活动分子，积极分子 | |
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withdrawal
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| n.取回，提款；撤退，撤军；收回，撤销 | |
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finalized
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| vt.完成（finalize的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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condemn
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| vt.谴责，指责；宣判(罪犯)，判刑 | |
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grievance
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| n.怨愤，气恼，委屈 | |
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overseen
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| v.监督，监视( oversee的过去分词 ) | |
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defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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taxpayers
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| 纳税人，纳税的机构( taxpayer的名词复数 ) | |
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moss
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| n.苔，藓，地衣 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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enlisted
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| adj.应募入伍的v.（使）入伍， （使）参军( enlist的过去式和过去分词 )；获得（帮助或支持） | |
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physically
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| adj.物质上，体格上，身体上，按自然规律 | |
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