VOA慢速英语--美国许多州面临教师短缺问题

Many US States Struggle with Teacher Shortages

An increasing number of American states have identified teacher shortages as a major problem.

In some states, there is especially a great need for teachers of special education, science and math. In others, schools are not finding enough qualified¹ language teachers.

In general, the U.S. has seen increased demand for teachers in recent years. Student numbers have risen, even as many school systems sought to reduce overall number of students per teacher.

Shortages blamed on low pay

Shortages have largely been blamed on low pay rates for U.S. teachers. The issue has caused some to leave for better paying professions, while fewer people are choosing to become teachers.

The non-profit Learning Policy Institute reported a 35 percent drop in the U.S. of people studying to be teachers between 2009 and 2014. The group estimated that in 2016, the number of available teachers had reached a 10-year low.

Over the past year, teachers from Arizona to West Virginia held major strikes to demand higher pay and better working conditions.

In a new nationwide study, 49 percent of the public said they believe teacher pay should be raised in their states from current levels. In six states where teacher strikes were held in 2018, 63 percent agreed that teacher pay should increase, the Education Next study found.

Worsening conditions caused by financial issues in some school systems – especially in large cities – have also made it difficult for some teachers to feel safe and effective in their jobs.

Different states, different problems

Many U.S. states are facing teacher shortages heading into the new 2018-2019 school year.

California is the most populous² U.S. state. A study by the Learning Policy Institute found about 80 percent of school districts across the state reported a shortage of qualified teachers during the 2017-2018 school year.

But education experts say it is difficult to speak about a nationwide teacher shortage because each state and school district is so different.

Kate Walsh is president of the National Council on Teacher Quality. Her organization seeks to “improve the health of the teaching profession.” Walsh told VOA one way to look at it is that the country is actually made up of 50 separate labor³ markets.

While the biggest shortages are often faced in rural areas and large cities, she says the causes can be very different.

“Some states really are not having much of a problem at all, others do. And the reason they do is not one single reason. The reason California is having a problem is not the same reason that Oklahoma is having a problem.”

Some school systems with severe shortages have changed certification requirements to bring in more teachers. Others have decided⁴ to permit the hiring of teachers with little, or in some cases, no classroom experience.

In some states facing shortages, Walsh says she is concerned that officials are lowering some quality requirements too much in an attempt to find enough teachers.

“There have been a number of states which have made some decisions that we think run very much counter to teacher quality goals.”

Walsh said often decisions to ease quality standards are made by state lawmakers in an effort to increase the number of teachers to please voters. The problem is, such decisions can be made without actual data on how they will affect school systems in the long term, she added.

Certifications differ across U.S. states

Dan Goldhaber is the director of the Center for Education Data and Research at the University of Washington. He says another reason for teacher shortages is that certifications differ across U.S. states, making it more difficult for teachers to move to another state and quickly get a new job.

“Teacher labor markets are pretty localized and each state has different licensure systems. So it's not like you can easily hire someone to teach in California who is a teacher in Massachusetts. We don't have that kind of a national teacher labor market.”

Goldhaber says many teachers in this situation may decide to leave the profession because they would have to pay for additional classes and pass new certifications.

Goldhaber said one possible solution might seem obvious - that is raise pay and improve working conditions for educators.

“It's pretty clear that working conditions matter for teachers. So not surprisingly, your people want to work in a safe environment, with schools that are clean and have up to date books and all of those kinds of working conditions.”

Goldhaber says other things can also be done to help fight the problem. One would be to make changes to the U.S. teacher “pipeline⁵” system to produce more qualified teachers.

“So increase the number of people who are enrolling⁷ in teacher education programs and getting the credentials⁸ that they need to become teachers.”

There are also several state and federal programs that provide financial assistance or student loan debt forgiveness for people entering education studies.

Some of these programs are designed specifically to train much-needed math and science teachers. Others provide assistance for people willing to join schools seen as difficult to work in, or to teachers who will go to areas where there is the greatest need.

I’m Bryan Lynn.

Words in This Story

qualified – adj. having the skills or experience in order to do something

certification – n. an official document attesting⁹ to a status or level of achievement

counter – v. react to something with an opposing opinion or action

standard – n. something that others of a similar type are compared to or measured by; the expected level of quality

licensure – n. the state or condition of having a license¹⁰ granted by official or legal authority

obvious – adj. easily seen, recognized, or understood

pipeline – n. a process or channel of supply

enroll⁶ – v. sign up for or join an activity or program

credentials – n. documents stating the abilities and experience of a person to prove the person is qualified for a particular job

1 qualified   

adj.合格的，有资格的，胜任的，有限制的

参考例句：

• He is qualified as a complete man of letters.他有资格当真正的文学家。
• We must note that we still lack qualified specialists.我们必须看到我们还缺乏有资质的专家。

2 populous   

adj.人口稠密的，人口众多的

参考例句：

• London is the most populous area of Britain.伦敦是英国人口最稠密的地区。
• China is the most populous developing country in the world.中国是世界上人口最多的发展中国家。

3 labor   

n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦

参考例句：

• We are never late in satisfying him for his labor.我们从不延误付给他劳动报酬。
• He was completely spent after two weeks of hard labor.艰苦劳动两周后，他已经疲惫不堪了。

4 decided   

adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的

参考例句：

• This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
• There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。

5 pipeline   

n.管道，管线

参考例句：

• The pipeline supplies Jordan with 15 per cent of its crude oil.该管道供给约旦15%的原油。
• A single pipeline serves all the houses with water.一条单管路给所有的房子供水。

6 enroll   

v.招收；登记；入学；参军；成为会员（英)enrol

参考例句：

• I should like to enroll all my children in the swimming class.我愿意让我的孩子们都参加游泳班。
• They enroll him as a member of the club.他们吸收他为俱乐部会员。

7 enrolling   

v.招收( enrol的现在分词 )；吸收；入学；加入；[亦作enrol]( enroll的现在分词 )；登记，招收，使入伍（或入会、入学等），参加，成为成员；记入名册；卷起，包起

参考例句：

• They lashed out at the university enrolling system. 他们猛烈抨击大学的招生制度。 来自辞典例句
• You're enrolling in a country club, Billy. 你是注册加入乡村俱乐部了，比利。 来自辞典例句

8 credentials   

n.证明，资格，证明书，证件

参考例句：

• He has long credentials of diplomatic service.他的外交工作资历很深。
• Both candidates for the job have excellent credentials.此项工作的两个求职者都非常符合资格。

9 attesting   

v.证明( attest的现在分词 )；证实；声称…属实；使宣誓

参考例句：

• Thus, a word of God, giving his own authoritative promise of redemption, must be self-attesting. 因此，上帝的话-将祂自己权威性的救赎应许赐给了人-必须是自证的。 来自互联网
• There might be a letter in your file attesting to your energetic and imaginative teaching. 可能我会写封信证明你生动而充满想象力的教学。 来自互联网

10 license   

n.执照，许可证，特许；v.许可，特许

参考例句：

• The foreign guest has a license on the person.这个外国客人随身携带执照。
• The driver was arrested for having false license plates on his car.司机由于使用假车牌而被捕。