Kenyan Team Aims to Stop Deadly Snake Bites

Kenyan mother Beth Mwende heard her sleeping child cry out, but did not worry after the three-year-old quickly quieted down. The next morning, however, she found her daughter, Mercy, nearly unconscious with two bite marks in the neck.

"I did not know that it was a snake," Mwende said.

Although snakebites are common in her hometown, antivenom medication is difficult to get. Mwende lives about 160 kilometers east of Nairobi, Kenya's capital. So she took her daughter to a traditional healer. He placed stones over the bites to pull out the poison.

Mercy died within hours. She was one of about 700 Kenyans killed by snakebite each year, notes a report in the scientific publication Toxicon.

Experts say the number of deaths is probably higher because snakebites are rarely reported, and few victims make it to a hospital.

The Kenya Snakebite Research and Intervention² Centre (KSRIC) is working to change that. Some money for its operations comes from the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine.

The KSRIC hopes to have East Africa's first antivenom medication on the market within five years. It estimates the cost will be about 30 percent of an imported product, which often sells for about $30.

More than 70,000 people are bitten in East Africa each year. Climate change and deforestation are worsening the problem as snakes get pushed out of natural surroundings into populated areas.

Nearly 100 snakes live at the research center in a forest near Nairobi.

Researchers take venom¹ from the snakes and study it before injecting small amounts into other animals, such as sheep. The animals then create antibodies that can be made into antivenom.

"Up to (now), no one has (made) any kind of antivenom in Kenya," said Geoffrey Maranga Kepha, a senior snake handler.

Two effective antivenoms are available in Kenya, from India and Mexico, the center says.

But many ineffective cures are being marketed in countries south of the Sahara desert, says David Williams. He is head of the Australian Venom Research Unit. One of the supposed cures from India "actually increased the death rate," he said.

Vaccine³ maker⁴ Sanofi Pasteur stopped making antivenom medicines for African snakes in 2010 because of low demand. They also said that competition from a less costly⁵ maker made it unprofitable.

Sanofi wants to share its knowledge with partners that would agree to manufacture antivenoms, the company told Reuters in a statement.

The center is teaching communities that using antivenom immediately after receiving a snake bite can save lives, said head researcher George Adinoh.

"After seeing how people die in Kenya from snakebites I decided⁶ to devote my life to coming up with a rescue measure that will help, or prevent people from dying from snakebites," snake handler Kepha added.

Words in This Story

unconscious – adj. senseless; done without one's knowledge

snake – n. an animal that has a long, thin body and no arms or legs

antivenom – n. a medication used against poisonous snake bites

deforestation – n. removing all the trees or plant life from a forest

antibodies – n. a blood protein that works as part of the body's natural defenses to fight bacteria, virus and foreign substances.

senior – adj. older or more experienced

handler – n. a person who deals with or trains animals

devote – v. to decide to do something special for someone or to a thing

1 venom   

n.毒液，恶毒，痛恨

参考例句：

• The snake injects the venom immediately after biting its prey.毒蛇咬住猎物之后马上注入毒液。
• In fact,some components of the venom may benefit human health.事实上，毒液的某些成分可能有益于人类健康。

2 intervention   

n.介入，干涉，干预

参考例句：

• The government's intervention in this dispute will not help.政府对这场争论的干预不会起作用。
• Many people felt he would be hostile to the idea of foreign intervention.许多人觉得他会反对外来干预。

3 vaccine   

n.牛痘苗，疫苗；adj.牛痘的，疫苗的

参考例句：

• The polio vaccine has saved millions of lives.脊髓灰质炎疫苗挽救了数以百万计的生命。
• She takes a vaccine against influenza every fall.她每年秋季接种流感疫苗。

4 maker   

n.制造者，制造商

参考例句：

• He is a trouble maker，You must be distant with him.他是个捣蛋鬼，你不要跟他在一起。
• A cabinet maker must be a master craftsman.家具木工必须是技艺高超的手艺人。

5 costly   

adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的

参考例句：

• It must be very costly to keep up a house like this.维修这么一幢房子一定很昂贵。
• This dictionary is very useful,only it is a bit costly.这本词典很有用，左不过贵了些。

6 decided   

adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的

参考例句：

• This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
• There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。