The Right Way to Move Plants Outdoors

 

Gardening can be both personally satisfying and a good activity for the mind and body. Flowers beautify your surroundings, while fresh vegetables provide some of the tastiest foods on your table.

Plant scientist and gardening expert Lee Reich knows all about these things. He has written a number of books and “how to” guides. The Associated Press news agency publishes his stories on gardening and caring for plants of all sizes.

A seedling¹ is a young plant grown from a seed. It can be easy to grow seedlings² inside the home. But what happens when they get bigger?

Reich says seedlings that start indoors or in a greenhouse need to go through a period of transition before they can safely remain outdoors. This period is called “hardening off.” It will prepare the seedlings for wind, stronger sunlight and up-and-down temperatures.

Here is what Reich suggests for hardening off your seedlings:

First, make the transition from indoors to outdoors slowly, over a week or two. A good place to harden off seedlings is in a partly protected area outside the home, such as a coldframe. A coldframe is usually an open-bottomed box with a clear, removable cover.

You can also harden off seedlings near a wall in an area where there is a mix of sun and shade. Or keep the seedlings fully³ exposed to outdoor weather conditions – for short, but increasing periods.

Temperature transitions

The lower temperatures of the hardening-off period will lead to changes in the seedlings.

Seedlings of vegetables like cabbage and lettuce⁴ can develop the ability to survive freezing temperatures. Plants like snapdragons and pansies can also develop this ability. They gain strength against cold weather by building up sugars in their cells.

But seedlings of tomatoes, marigolds and other plants have trouble in temperatures below freezing. They can even suffer damage when temperatures fall below 10 degrees Celsius⁵. Damage from cold prevents sunlight from producing photosynthesis⁶ – the process by which a green plant turns water and carbon dioxide into food.

As tomatoes and other sun-loving plants harden off through slow exposure to cooler air, they are better able to repair and prevent cold damage.

Avoid sunburn

Next, there is sunlight. Sunlight can damage the leaves of seedlings that have grown indoors. Even without cold, outdoor sunlight can be as much as 10 times more intense than light from the inside of a sunny window.

Slow exposure to more intense light thickens cell walls as well as existing and new leaves. This exposure can begin in areas of partial shade, or with just a few hours each day of full sun. With increasing light exposure, leaves also turn darker green.

And stomata become more quickly able to open and close in changing conditions. Stomata are the very small openings in leaves through which water is lost, oxygen released, and carbon dioxide taken in.

Shelter from wind

Reich notes that stomata also play a role in a plant’s slow adaptation to wind.

During the hardening-off period, plants become able to react more quickly to drying winds by closing their stomata. Even movement of the plant, whether from wind or something else, affects how reactive stomata are.

Movement of plants has yet another effect: It slows growth of their stems. This adds to the short, pretty green look that shows a plant has been well hardened off.

So, you can blow on, shake or softly touch your seedlings often to help them become strong, but short plants that are better able to survive in a garden. Spending a week or so outdoors in a sheltered area or for only part of the day will ease your seedlings’ move to the garden. So they will almost not realize they have been moved – and that, Reich says, is how it should be.

I’m Alice Bryant.

Words in This Story

gardening – n. the activity of tending and cultivating an area of ground where plants, such as flowers or vegetables, are grown

greenhouse – n. a building or part of a building that has glass walls and a glass roof and that is used for growing plants

transition – n. a change from one state or condition to another

shade – n. an area of slight darkness that is produced when something blocks the light of the sun

adaptation – n. a change in a plant or animal that makes it better able to live in a particular place or situation

stem – n. the main long and thin part of a plant that rises above the soil and supports the leaves and flowers

1 seedling   

n.秧苗，树苗

参考例句：

• She cut down the seedling with one chop.她一刀就把小苗砍倒了。
• The seedling are coming up full and green.苗长得茁壮碧绿。

2 seedlings   

n.刚出芽的幼苗( seedling的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Ninety-five per cent of the new seedlings have survived. 新栽的树苗95%都已成活。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• In such wet weather we must prevent the seedlings from rotting. 这样的阴雨天要防止烂秧。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

3 fully   

adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地

参考例句：

• The doctor asked me to breathe in,then to breathe out fully.医生让我先吸气，然后全部呼出。
• They soon became fully integrated into the local community.他们很快就完全融入了当地人的圈子。

4 lettuce   

n.莴苣；生菜

参考例句：

• Get some lettuce and tomatoes so I can make a salad.买些莴苣和西红柿，我好做色拉。
• The lettuce is crisp and cold.莴苣松脆爽口。

5 Celsius   

adj.摄氏温度计的，摄氏的

参考例句：

• The temperature tonight will fall to seven degrees Celsius.今晚气温将下降到七摄氏度。
• The maximum temperature in July may be 36 degrees Celsius.七月份最高温度可能达到36摄氏度。

6 photosynthesis   

n.光合作用

参考例句：

• In apple trees photosynthesis occurs almost exclusively in the leaves.苹果树的光合作用几乎只发生在叶内。
• Chloroplasts are the structures in which photosynthesis happens.叶绿体就是光合作用发生的地方。