VOA慢速英语2019 美国医生减少止咳药和感冒药处方

US Doctors Giving Fewer Cough, Cold Medicines

A new study suggests that American doctors are telling patients to take cough or cold medicines less often than they did a few years ago.

一项新研究表明，与几年前相比，现在美国医生建议患者服用止咳药或感冒药的情况有所减少。

The study comes at a time when health experts say these treatments may be ineffective or have serious side effects, mainly in young children.

这项研究发表时，有健康专家表示，这些治疗可能没有效果或产生严重的副作用，特别是对年幼的儿童来说。

Recommendations against giving cough and cold medicines to young children have become increasingly common in the United States since 2008. That was the year when the Food and Drug Administration advised against giving “over-the-counter” cough and cold drugs to children under the age of 2. Over-the-counter medicines are sold directly to patients or caregivers without doctors’ orders or prescriptions².

自2008年以来，不要给幼儿服用止咳药和感冒药的建议在美国越来越普遍。那一年，美国食品药品监督管理局建议不要给2岁以下幼儿服用“不需处方便可出售的”止咳药和感冒药。非处方药物可在不需医嘱或处方的情况下直接出售给患者或护理员。

Soon after, drug manufacturers recommended against cough and cold drugs for boys and girls under the age of 4. The American Academy of Pediatrics advised against these drugs for kids under the age of 6.

不久之后，药品制造商建议不要给4岁以下儿童服用止咳药和感冒药。美国儿科学会建议6岁以下儿童不要服用这些药物。

Researchers wanted to see how these recommendations have influenced doctors’ prescriptions to patients. So they looked at records representing 3.1 billion pediatric visits from 2002 to 2015. All of the patients were babies or children.

研究人员想知道这些建议对医生开给患者的处方产生了何种影响。因此，他们查看了2002年至2015年的31亿次儿科门诊记录。所有患者都是婴儿或儿童。

The researchers looked at doctors’ prescriptions of drugs for treating coughs and colds. They considered drugs both with and without opioids and antihistamines⁴. Opioids are a group of drugs meant to reduce pain. They are available legally by prescription¹. Doctors often recommend antihistamines to help people suffering from allergic⁵ reactions.

研究人员查看了医生开出的治疗咳嗽和感冒的处方药。他们考虑了药物包含和不包含阿片类物质和抗组胺剂的情况。阿片类药物是旨在减少疼痛的一组药物。这类药物可通过处方合法获得。医生通常会建议用抗组胺药物来帮助出现过敏反应的患者。

The researchers compared the years before 2008 to the years after 2008. They found a 70% drop in prescriptions for non-opioid cough and cold medicines for children under 2 years old. Recommendations for cough and cold drugs with opioids dropped by 90% among children under 6 years old.

研究人员将2008年前后的记录进行了对比。他们发现，为2岁以下儿童开出的非阿片类止咳和感冒药处方下降了70%。而建议6岁以下儿童服用阿片类止咳药和感冒药的处方下降了90%。

Doctor Daniel Horton was lead author of a report on the study. He is a researcher at the Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School in New Jersey⁶.

丹尼尔·霍顿医生是这份研究报告的首席作者。他是新泽西州罗格斯大学罗伯特·伍德·约翰逊医学院的研究员。

“Our study suggests that doctors responded to professional warnings against the use of cough and cold medicines in young children,” he said.

他说：“我们的研究表明，专业人士警告不要给幼儿服用止咳药和感冒药，而医生响应了这一建议。”

Antihistamine³ recommendations for young children increased during the period, however.

然而，在此期间，建议幼儿服用抗组胺剂的处方却增加了。

“Given that many parents want some treatment, one might guess that some doctors started recommending antihistamines more often as a safer alternative to other cough and cold (medicines), even though there is little evidence that they actually work to treat colds in children,” Horton said by email.

霍顿在电邮中说，“考虑到许多家长希望医生进行治疗，有人可能会猜测一些医生开始更频繁地建议服用抗组胺药物，以此作为其他止咳药和感冒药的更为安全的替代品，尽管几乎没有证据表明这些药物能治疗幼儿感冒。”

The study had limitations. One was that researchers lacked information about whether parents followed recommendations to take or avoid specific medicines. Parents also might have given kids drugs that were not recommended by doctors, the researchers noted⁷. Their findings were published in JAMA Pediatrics.

这项研究存在局限性。其中一个局限是，在家长是否按照医嘱让孩子服用或避免特定药物方面，研究人员缺乏相关信息。研究人员指出，父母也可能让孩子服用医生未推荐的药物。他们的研究结果发表在《美国医学协会杂志—儿科学期刊》上。

Generally, colds in children do not need to be treated with medicines, and children will get better on their own, Horton said. He added that, “Children should see their doctors if they are not able to keep up with fluids, appear dehydrated or lethargic⁸, have difficulty breathing, have fevers that persist for several days, or if there are other concerns.”

霍顿表示，一般来说，儿童感冒不必服用药物，他们可以自行痊愈。他补充说：“如果儿童不能保持水分，出现脱水或昏睡、呼吸困难、发烧持续数天等症状，或存在其他担忧，那儿童应该去看医生。”

Words in This Story

cough – n. the act of expelling air with a sudden, sharp sound

cold – n. a viral infection of the nose and throat

recommendation – n. the act of suggesting or proposing something

pediatric – adj. of or relating to the medical care or illnesses of children

author – n. the writer of a report or book

guess – v. to form an opinion about something

dehydrated – adj. describes the removal of water or liquid from something, such as food

lethargic – adj. feeling a lack of energy or a lack of interest in doing things

fever – n. a higher than normal body temperature

1 prescription   

n.处方，开药；指示，规定

参考例句：

• The physician made a prescription against sea- sickness for him.医生给他开了个治晕船的药方。
• The drug is available on prescription only.这种药只能凭处方购买。

2 prescriptions   

药( prescription的名词复数 )； 处方； 开处方； 计划

参考例句：

• The hospital of traditional Chinese medicine installed a computer to fill prescriptions. 中医医院装上了电子计算机来抓药。
• Her main job was filling the doctor's prescriptions. 她的主要工作就是给大夫开的药方配药。

3 antihistamine   

n.抗组胺剂

参考例句：

• Taking an antihistamine isn't the only way to battle seasonal allergies.采取抗组织胺并不是唯一防止季节性过敏的方法。
• Antihistamine drugs may offer an effective treatment.抗组胺剂药物可以提供比较有效的治疗。

4 antihistamines   

n.抗组织胺药( antihistamine的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Cough suppressants and some antihistamines may help quiet an annoying cough. 镇咳药和一些抗组织胺类药物能帮助驱除烦人的咳嗽。 来自互联网
• Antihistamines are the medications most commonly used to diminish allergic symptoms. 抗组胺药是药物最常用的，以减少过敏症状。 来自互联网

5 allergic   

adj.过敏的，变态的

参考例句：

• Alice is allergic to the fur of cats.艾丽斯对猫的皮毛过敏。
• Many people are allergic to airborne pollutants such as pollen.许多人对空气传播的污染物过敏，比如花粉。

6 jersey   

n.运动衫

参考例句：

• He wears a cotton jersey when he plays football.他穿运动衫踢足球。
• They were dressed alike in blue jersey and knickers.他们穿着一致，都是蓝色的运动衫和灯笼短裤。

7 noted   

adj.著名的，知名的

参考例句：

• The local hotel is noted for its good table.当地的那家酒店以餐食精美而著称。
• Jim is noted for arriving late for work.吉姆上班迟到出了名。

8 lethargic   

adj.昏睡的，懒洋洋的

参考例句：

• He felt too miserable and lethargic to get dressed.他心情低落无精打采，完全没有心思穿衣整装。
• The hot weather made me feel lethargic.炎热的天气使我昏昏欲睡。