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(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
"The Irishman" is competing against eight other movies for one of the film industry's highest awards: the Oscar for best picture.
When that award is announced in February, many people may pay close attention to the special effects teams that make it and similar films possible.
Martin Scorsese directed the "The Irishman." It tells a story that extends over 30 years. One of the stars, Robert De Niro, is 76 years old in real life. But on camera, he and his co-stars play characters from their 30s into old age. It is something that made the film one of 2019's most celebrated1 movies.
In the film industry, making actors look younger on camera is called "de-aging."
A number of movies released last year have used new digital de-aging techniques to make stars look young. Samuel L. Jackson and Will Smith appeared in films that made them look like younger men.
Some critics are calling 2019 an important year for de-aging effects in film.
The Irishman
There are several methods using computers to make actors look younger than they are.
In "The Irishman," the filmmakers avoided using tracking markers. Tracking markers are dots painted onto actors' faces that let computers mathematically reproduce facial movements.
The young faces of De Niro and others in "The Irishman" are the work of Pablo Helman. He is a visual effects supervisor2 at a company called Industrial Light and Magic. In the past, Helman received Oscar nominations3 for his work on "Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones" and "War of the Worlds."
He said the decision not to use tracking markers came directly from Scorsese and De Niro. Use of such markers require an actor to wear a headpiece with small cameras attached.
Helman told The Associated Press that such equipment can interfere4 with an actor's thinking while they are working.
"He's going to want to be in the moment with Joe Pesci and Al Pacino on set, with no markers on him. So, if you're going to capture the performance, how are you going to do that?"
Instead, Scorsese used a "three-headed monster," a piece of equipment with three cameras on it. It has a director camera in the center and "witness" cameras on either side that take infrared5 pictures. The infrared cameras do not record shadows created from lighting6 on set. The shadows might interfere with the operations of the de-aging software.
Gemini Man
While the team at Industrial Light and Magic was working on "The Irishman," another group of technical experts was experimenting with de-aging at Weta Digital.
The Weta team created a completely digital, 23-year-old version of Will Smith for the action movie "Gemini Man."
"You have that many years of expertise7 of looking at a human face and knowing what's wrong," says Bill Westenhofer, one of the film's visual effects supervisors8. He said trying to get all the different things to work well together can be difficult.
The character Junior is the younger version of Will Smith's killer9 Henry Brogan in the film. To look like the younger character, Smith wore a gray tracksuit with two cameras attached to his head which captured his facial expressions through tracking markers.
Where it starts
Before filming started on both "Gemini Man" and "The Irishman," each visual effects team found old films of their acting10 stars.
Helman and his team then spent two years looking through old movies to document how De Niro, Pacino and Pesci looked at different ages. They created a program similar to ones used to make "deepfake" videos. Such programs can make people in videos look like someone else.
In the case of "Gemini Man," filming Junior required Smith to spend time in a special room where many cameras captured his facial expressions under different lighting conditions.
Scorsese has criticized movies made by Marvel Studios that used similar de-aging methods to "Gemini Man" as "not cinema." An example is the film "Captain Marvel" which also used tracking markers to make Samuel L. Jackson look much younger.
Jackson's character is Nick Fury. The young Nick Fury was created by comparing images from old Jackson movies with his performance in "Captain Marvel."
Jackson said he was lucky to have earlier films with enough facial expressions to do such a believable job in making his young Nick Fury.
The de-aging effects were the work of a company called Lola Visual Effects.
Weta Digital's Guy Williams said the de-aging of Jackson was well done. He added that "different approaches suit different requirements. It's not a one-size-fits-all kind of situation."
Helman, who worked on "The Irishman," agrees. He believes that 2019 was a historic year for visual effects.
"It's not by chance that we have several movies that have motion capture performance, facial performance, in three or four different ways," he said. "That shows that we're all thinking about digital humans."
Words in This Story
dot – n. a very small round mark
moment – n. a very short period of time
infrared – adj. producing or using rays of light that cannot be seen and that are longer than rays that produce red light
shadow – n. an area of darkness created when a source of light is blocked
tracksuit – n. a special suit worn by actors to help capture a visual effect
deepfake – n. videos in which one person's face is replaced by another's in order to trick viewers
suit – v. to be proper or suitable for
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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supervisor
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| n.监督人，管理人，检查员，督学，主管，导师 | |
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nominations
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| n.提名，任命( nomination的名词复数 ) | |
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interfere
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| v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰 | |
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infrared
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| adj./n.红外线(的) | |
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lighting
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| n.照明，光线的明暗，舞台灯光 | |
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expertise
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| n.专门知识(或技能等)，专长 | |
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supervisors
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| n.监督者，管理者( supervisor的名词复数 ) | |
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killer
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| n.杀人者，杀人犯，杀手，屠杀者 | |
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acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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marvel
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| vi.(at)惊叹vt.感到惊异；n.令人惊异的事 | |
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