VOA慢速英语2020 研究表明白令海结冰程度达到数千年来最低水平

Scientists are reporting that ice cover in the Bering Sea decreased during the winters of 2018 and 2019 to levels not seen in thousands of years. Reuters news agency says the new report adds to concerns about the effect of climate change in the Arctic.

科学家报告称，2018年和2019年冬季，白令海的冰层覆盖率降至数千年来从未有过的水平。路透社报道称，这份新报告增加了人们对北极气候变化影响的担忧。

The Bering Sea is in the northern Pacific Ocean, between Russia and the American state of Alaska.

白令海位于北太平洋，处于俄罗斯和美国阿拉斯加州之间。

The scientists said satellite images and records provide a clear picture of how the sea ice has changed over the past 40 years. Before that, the only ice records available were from those found in ship records and other observations.

科学家表示，卫星图像和记录提供了过去40年白令海冰层变化的清晰图像。在那之前，唯一可用的冰层记录来自航海记录和其他观测中的发现。

So, scientists turned to peat land on Saint Matthew Island, off the coast of Alaska. Peat is plant tissue that breaks down in wet conditions. It can hold organic substances from plants that lived thousands of years ago.

因此，科学家的注意力开始转向阿拉斯加海岸圣马修岛的泥炭田。泥炭是在潮湿环境中分解的植物组织。其可以保存几千年前的植物有机物质。

The researchers studied different forms of oxygen molecules¹ trapped in the peat land. With this information, they were able to estimate atmospheric² and ocean conditions that would have affected³ rainfall and sea ice over a period of 5,500 years.

研究人员研究了被困在泥炭田的不同形式的氧气分子。有了这一信息，他们就能估计出5500年内影响降雨和海冰覆盖的大气和海洋条件。

The researchers reported their findings in Science Advances, a publication of the American Association for the Advancement⁴ of Science.

研究人员在美国科学促进会刊物《科学进展》上报告了他们的研究结果。

St. Matthew "island in itself has acted as its own weather station," said Matthew Wooller, one of the researchers. He likened the levels of soil in the peat to a "book going back in time."

其中一名研究员马修·伍勒表示，圣马修岛“本身就是自已的气象站”。他将泥炭田的土壤水平比作一本“时光倒流的书”。

Wooler is director of the Alaska Stable Isotope⁵ Facility at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.

伍德是阿拉斯加费尔班克斯大学阿拉斯加稳定同位素研究所的主任。

Many studies have shown that the Arctic has warmed in recent years. Sea ice levels in the area around the North Pole have decreased. This year, the summertime Arctic sea ice reached its lowest level for the month of July in 40 years of record keeping.

多项研究表明，北极近年来不断变暖。北极地区的海冰水平不断下降。今年，北极夏季海冰面积达到40年来7月的最低水平。

Sea ice builds up again each year during the winter. But the new study suggests that, in the Bering Sea, sea ice may also be decreasing during cold weather.

每年冬季，海冰会再次堆积起来。但这项新研究表明，白令海的海冰面积在寒冷天气下可能仍在减少。

The loss of sea ice is already hurting Arctic wildlife, such as walruses⁶, polar bears, and seals. The loss of sea ice also affects indigenous⁷ communities that depend on hunting for food and clothing.

海冰的消失已经对海象、北极熊和海豹等北极野生动物造成了损害。海冰消失还会对依靠狩猎获得食物和衣物的土著社区产生影响。

Shrinking sea ice intensifies⁸ warming in the Arctic. That is because areas of dark water take the place of the sea ice. The dark water absorbs, or takes in, solar radiation instead of reflecting it back into the atmosphere.

海冰收缩加剧了北极地区的变暖趋势。这是因为黑水区域取代了海冰。黑水区吸收太阳辐射，而不是将其反射回大气。

"If we lose the sea ice you are completely changing the temperatures of the Arctic," noted⁹ Julienne Stroeve, who was not involved in the study. She is a climatologist with the National Snow and Ice Data Center at the University of Boulder¹⁰ Colorado.

朱莉安妮·斯特罗伊夫表示，“海冰损失意味着北极的温度完全改变。”她并未参与这项研究。她是科罗拉多大学波尔得分校国家冰雪数据中心的气候学家。

The study suggests that changes in the flow of ocean waters and atmospheric conditions linked to climate change have had a big effect. So says Miriam Jones, the lead writer of the study. She is a geologist¹¹ with the U.S. Geological Survey.

研究表明，与气候变化有关的海水流量和大气条件的变化产生了重大影响。这项研究的首席作者米丽亚姆·琼斯如是说。她是美国地质调查局的地质学家。

"There's a lot more going on than simply warming temperatures," Jones said. "We're seeing a shift in circulation patterns both in the ocean and the atmosphere," she added.

琼斯说，“不仅仅是气温升高，还有许多变化正在发生。我们看到海洋和大气的环流模式正在发生变化。”

In addition, the study suggests that changes in sea ice take place at least 20 or more years after changes in carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases.

此外，这项研究表明，海冰的变化比二氧化碳和其他吸热气体的变化滞后至少20年或更长时间。

Stroeve suggested that the study could have been strengthened with more comparisons to information gathered by ships and whaling expeditions dating back to the 1800s.

斯特罗伊夫表示，研究结果本可以通过与19世纪的船只和捕鲸探险队收集到的信息进行更多比较来巩固。

Words in This Story

indigenous – adj. produced, living or existing naturally in an area

reflecting – v. to strike a surface and go back in the opposite direction

circulation – n. the movement of air or water through an area

expedition – n. a trip undertaken by a group of people for a purpose

1 molecules   

分子( molecule的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The structure of molecules can be seen under an electron microscope. 分子的结构可在电子显微镜下观察到。
• Inside the reactor the large molecules are cracked into smaller molecules. 在反应堆里，大分子裂变为小分子。

2 atmospheric   

adj.大气的，空气的；大气层的；大气所引起的

参考例句：

• Sea surface temperatures and atmospheric circulation are strongly coupled.海洋表面温度与大气环流是密切相关的。
• Clouds return radiant energy to the surface primarily via the atmospheric window.云主要通过大气窗区向地表辐射能量。

3 affected   

adj.不自然的，假装的

参考例句：

• She showed an affected interest in our subject.她假装对我们的课题感到兴趣。
• His manners are affected.他的态度不自然。

4 advancement   

n.前进，促进，提升

参考例句：

• His new contribution to the advancement of physiology was well appreciated.他对生理学发展的新贡献获得高度赞赏。
• The aim of a university should be the advancement of learning.大学的目标应是促进学术。

5 isotope   

n.同位素

参考例句：

• The isotope ratio is directly used for comparing oils or gases.同位素比率直接用于比较各种石油或天然气。
• How to apply a radio isotope?如何运用放射性同位素？

6 walruses   

n.海象( walrus的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Walruses have enormous appetites and hunt for food almost constantly. 海象食欲极大，几乎一直在猎取食物。 来自互联网
• Two Atlantic walruses snuggle on an ice floe near Igloolik, Nunavut, Canada. 加拿大努勒维特伊格卢利克附近，两头大西洋海象在浮冰上相互偎依。 来自互联网

7 indigenous   

adj.土产的，土生土长的，本地的

参考例句：

• Each country has its own indigenous cultural tradition.每个国家都有自己本土的文化传统。
• Indians were the indigenous inhabitants of America.印第安人是美洲的土著居民。

8 intensifies   

n.（使）增强， （使）加剧( intensify的名词复数 )v.（使）增强， （使）加剧( intensify的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• A clear atmosphere intensifies the blue of the sky. 纯净的空气使天空变得更蓝。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Blowing on fire intensifies the heat. 吹火使热度加强。 来自《简明英汉词典》

9 noted   

adj.著名的，知名的

参考例句：

• The local hotel is noted for its good table.当地的那家酒店以餐食精美而著称。
• Jim is noted for arriving late for work.吉姆上班迟到出了名。

10 boulder   

n.巨砾；卵石，圆石

参考例句：

• We all heaved together and removed the boulder.大家一齐用劲，把大石头搬开了。
• He stepped clear of the boulder.他从大石头后面走了出来。

11 geologist   

n.地质学家

参考例句：

• The geologist found many uncovered fossils in the valley.在那山谷里，地质学家发现了许多裸露的化石。
• He was a geologist,rated by his cronies as the best in the business.他是一位地质学家，被他的老朋友们看做是这门行当中最好的一位。