Reading Skills: Definitions and Transitions

Reading Skills: Definitions and Transitions

Hello! This week on Ask a Teacher, we will answer a question about reading skills like finding definitions and transitions.

Question:

Greetings from Ecuador,

Could you please provide me any information and guidance to improve my reading skills and share them with my English students?

Thank you in advance for your help and support,

Angel

Answer

Thanks for writing to us, Angel. When we read, we are reading someone's piece of writing. So, we can bring writing skills to the activity of reading. Finding transitions and definitions can help us with our reading.

Transitions

Transitions are words and phrases that connect ideas. Transitions help with organizing thoughts in writing. They help develop ideas smoothly¹. Identifying transitions while reading can help us better understand what we are reading.

Transitions can be found within paragraphs, between paragraphs, and between longer divisions of text.

There are several kinds of transitions. Time-order transitions are words like "first," "next," "second," "finally," and "lastly." They establish the order of events or ideas.

There are also transitions that show a relationship between ideas.

For example, we can show contrast between ideas by using "however" or "nonetheless." We can show results by using the phrases "as a result" or "consequently."

Here is an example paragraph from a recent story called, "Five Ways That the Ukraine War Has Changed the World."

What transitions are used?

"Before the war, much of the grain and vegetable oil sent to the Middle East and Africa came from Ukraine and Russia.... Now, countries are thinking about ways to provide their own food and energy."

Two time-order transitions, "before" and "now," are used to show the time relationship between events that happened.

Spotting the transitions and knowing what they mean can be helpful when reading.

Definitions

We can also find definitions within the text to help us better understand unfamiliar² words. There are a few ways to do this.

We can find verb phrases like "is/are," "is defined as," "is called," "means, or "is a type of." Noticing these phrases within the story can help us learn new vocabulary.

Here is an example from the article, "Study: Better Instruments Needed to Discover Life on Mars."

"Such testing is carried out in areas where bodies of water once existed.

This is because those areas, called deltas⁴, contain higher levels of ancient microbes to study. The Red Stone area was a river delta³ about 100 million years ago."

We can see from this example, that "called" is used. The term "delta" is in an earlier paragraph, too. A delta is a kind of body of water, a place where a river meets the sea. We even have an example with The Red Stone area as a river delta.

Another way to show definitions is through punctuation⁵ like dashes or commas.

Here is an example from our American Presidents stories: "George Washington: Reluctant." This example uses two ways of showing a new word.

"He established a group of advisors⁶ — called the cabinet — as well as the nation's official money.

Here, we see that the writer uses dashes and "called" to give an informal definition of the group of advisors."

And, we can find definitions by reading further into the text.

Here is an example from another recent story called, "'Imperfect' Models in Italy Redefine Beauty."

"Sonia Spartá is one of the models. The 28-year-old from Sicily has a condition called hyperpigmentation or unusual skin coloring. It results in dark spots on her face and body."

The word that is defined is "hyperpigmentation." The definition is found right after the conjunction "or," which shows the definition. But if you read further into the next sentence, you can find out more about Sonia's condition. The writer uses the verb "results" to show the relationship between the condition of hyperpigmentation and its results.

Please let us know if these explanations and examples have helped you, Angel!

What question do you have about American English? Send us an email at [email protected]

And that's Ask a Teacher.

Words in This Story

paragraph – n. a part of a piece of writing that usually that begins on a new line and often is made up of a few sentences

contrast –n. a difference between things or the act of comparing two things to show their differences

punctuation –n. the marks (such as periods and commas) in a piece of writing that make its meaning clear

dash – n. a horizontal line that represents a break in meaning; often used before a definition

conjunction – n. grammar: a word that joins together sentences, clauses, phrases, or words

1 smoothly   

adv.平滑地，顺利地，流利地，流畅地

参考例句：

• The workmen are very cooperative,so the work goes on smoothly.工人们十分合作，所以工作进展顺利。
• Just change one or two words and the sentence will read smoothly.这句话只要动一两个字就顺了。

2 unfamiliar   

adj.陌生的，不熟悉的

参考例句：

• I am unfamiliar with the place and the people here.我在这儿人地生疏。
• The man seemed unfamiliar to me.这人很面生。

3 delta   

n.（流的）角洲

参考例句：

• He has been to the delta of the Nile.他曾去过尼罗河三角洲。
• The Nile divides at its mouth and forms a delta.尼罗河在河口分岔，形成了一个三角洲。

4 deltas   

希腊字母表中第四个字母( delta的名词复数 )； （河口的）三角洲

参考例句：

• Tidal channels, deltas, and washover fans are characteristically associated with offshore bars. 潮汐水道、三角洲和冲刷扇典型地与滨外砂洲伴生在一起。
• I know many of the early civilizations prospered on deltas. 我知道很多古老的文明都是在三角洲上蓬勃发展起来的。

5 punctuation   

n.标点符号，标点法

参考例句：

• My son's punctuation is terrible.我儿子的标点符号很糟糕。
• A piece of writing without any punctuation is difficult to understand.一篇没有任何标点符号的文章是很难懂的。

6 advisors   

n.顾问，劝告者( advisor的名词复数 )；（指导大学新生学科问题等的）指导教授

参考例句：

• The governors felt that they were being strung along by their advisors. 地方长官感到他们一直在受顾问们的愚弄。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• We will consult together with advisors about her education. 我们将一起和专家商议她的教育事宜。 来自互联网