Alzheimer's Research

                       24 关于阿尔茨海默病的研究

DATE=3-20-01
TITLE=SCIENCE IN THE NEWS #2116 - Alzheimer's Research
BYLINE=Jerilyn Watson

VOICE ONE:
This is Bob Doughty¹.
VOICE TWO:
And this is Sarah Long with Science in the News, a VOA Special English program about recent developments in science. Today we tell about (1)scientific studies of Alzheimer's Disease², a brain (2)disorder³.
((THEME))
VOICE ONE:
Each year, Alzheimer's Disease affects millions of people throughout the world. It destroys their ability to think and remember. In the United States alone, an (3)estimated one in ten people over the age of sixty-five suffers from this terrible (4)sickness.
Doctors say Alzheimer's Disease is a slowly increasing brain disorder. It robs people of skills they need for normal life. It (5)affects personal (6)qualities that make us who we are.Alzheimer's patients suffer from (7)dementia, a loss of knowledge and (8)recognition⁴ skills. Some patients also have severe (9)emotional problems. Other conditions also can result in dementia. But Alzheimer's is the most common cause.
VOICE TWO:
Alzheimer's commonly affects people over sixty-five years old. But the disease also can begin when a person is much younger. Its early signs may be similar to other conditions. These include the effects of normal aging. For example, people with early Alzheimer's may lose interest in (10)activities they once enjoyed. They may have trouble sleeping. They may forget where they put things, like their keys. But these problems affect millions of people who do not have Alzheimer’s.
Later, however, Alzheimer's patients have trouble (11)expressing their thoughts. They may become restless⁵ and angry. Some even get violent. They may get lost in their own (12)communities. In time they can no longer care for their physical needs. This process can take five years. Or it can take more than twenty years.
VOICE ONE:
Alzheimer's can end a person's life. But patients usually die from something else, like infections or strokes⁶. Several medicines appear to help some signs of the disease. But Alzheimer's Disease has no cure.
However, recent research has helped doctors understand the disease better. And scientists have learned⁷ hopeful information about older people. Researchers have shown that people's memories and (13)intelligence can remain good in old age.
Most scientists (14)blame physical causes for Alzheimer's Disease. They say (15)abnormal⁸ cells in the brain are (16)responsible. They are trying to discover why the cells become abnormal. But scientists also are (17)investigating other possible causes for the disease.
((MUSIC BRIDGE))
VOICE TWO:
In Sweden, for example, Laura Fratiglioni has investigated possible social causes of dementia. She works⁹ for the Karolinska Institute and the Stockholm (18)Gerontology Research Center. Doctor Fratiglioni led a team studying older people to find changes in knowledge and recognition skills. The researchers examined the personal lives and mental skills of the older people. Their research showed that poor or limited social (19)relationships increase the risk of dementia by sixty percent.
The scientists studied more than one-thousand old people for an (20)average of three years. All the people had good mental powers at the beginning of the study. Repeated tests showed that women over the age of eighty had the highest risk of failing memory and intelligence.
Doctor Fratiglioni believes this may be because women usually live longer than men do. And, men often marry younger women. So, old men usually live with another person longer than women do. But she said the risk is not (21)necessarily living alone. Instead, it is being alone.
VOICE ONE:
Doctor Fratiglioni (22)described being alone as lacking satisfying personal connections with others. These relationships could be with children or friends. Or, they could be with religious groups or other organizations. The study showed the quality of these relationships was more important than how often the older people (23)communicated with other people.
The study also found that poor relationships with their children could (24)threaten the mental health of older people. Parents who had difficult relationships with their children (25)suffered more dementia than people who had no children. Doctor Fratiglioni says her study shows that strong, satisfying social relationships may protect against mental losses. But she does not know why this may be true.
((MUSIC BRIDGE))
VOICE TWO:
The National Institutes of Health near Washington, D-C supports continuing research about Alzheimer's Disease. For example, the N-I-H is supporting an Alzheimer's study among religious workers who live together. About nine-hundred (26)Catholic (27)nuns¹⁰, (28)priests¹¹ and (29)monks¹² from nine states are taking part.
An Alzheimer's Disease research center in Chicago, Illinois has announced early results of this study. David Bennett of the Rush-Presbyterian-Saint Luke's Medical Center directs the study.
VOICE ONE:
The researchers are giving intelligence and memory tests to the nuns, priests and monks repeatedly¹³ from age sixty-five until they die. Two-thirds of these people continue to do well on the tests. Doctor Bennett says the scientists are discovering that even people eighty years old do well on the tests. Some even improve as they get older.
The researchers study the brains of the religious workers after they die. Doctor Bennett and his team were surprised to learn that some of the people had (30)excellent memory even though they had abnormal brain cells. The scientists believe there may be something about the way the religious workers live that helps them overcome changes in the brain. They think that being happy and peaceful may be part of the answer.
((MUSIC BRIDGE))
VOICE TWO:
A research team in Cleveland, Ohio says some activities in early life seem to help prevent loss of mental (31)abilities. Scientists at Case Western Reserve University Medical School studied more than five-hundred old people. Almost two-hundred of them already had Alzheimer's Disease. The study found that people who were less active in early life were about three times more likely to develop Alzheimer’s Disease than people who were more active.
The (32)researchers asked the people what activities they took part in between the ages of twenty and sixty. Then the researchers listed the activities in three groups. One group included watching television, listening to music and talking on the telephone. Another group included more difficult activities like making objects with wood, playing musical (33)instruments and (34)similar activities. And a third group included physical activities like sports and walking.
VOICE ONE:
Chief researcher Robert Friedland says people who took part in most of these activities had a lower risk for Alzheimer's Disease. Doctor Friedland says the most important activities are those that involve learning¹⁴ and memory. However, the people who had Alzheimer's Disease had watched more television than the others. Doctor Friedland says he (35)suspects that watching television does not involve as much learning as other activities.
He says the study results could mean that inactivity helps cause Alzheimer's. But he also says it could mean that people with early effects of the disease might be less active. Doctor Friedland and other scientists note the possibility that older people may lose (36)friendships because they are losing intelligence. Or people may be losing intelligence and (37)withdraw from relationships at the same time.
VOICE TWO:
Zaven Khachaturian (CATCH-uh-TOUR-ee-un) is an expert on Alzheimer's Disease. He is the top medical advisor¹⁵ to the Alzheimer's (38)Association¹⁶ in Chicago, (39)Illinois. The association works to improve the lives of (40)victims of the disease and their families.
Doctor Khachaturian says keeping the brain active may delay the beginning of the disease. But he says there is no evidence that it will change the progress of Alzheimer's Disease once a person has it.
Still, many older people like to think they can help protect their intelligence and memory. A very active eighty-six-year woman said, "Maybe I cannot prevent Alzheimer's. But keeping active makes me feel happier and more (41)alive."
((THEME))
VOICE ONE:
This SCIENCE IN THE NEWS program was written by Jerilyn Watson. It was produced by George Grow. This is Bob Doughty.
VOICE TWO:
And this is Sarah Long. Join us again next week for more news about science in Special English on the Voice of America.

(1) scientific[ saiEn5tifik ]adj.科学的
(2) disorder[ dis5C:dE ]n.杂乱, 混乱, 无秩序状态vt.扰乱, 使失调, 使紊乱
(3) estimate[ 5estimeit ]v.估计, 估价, 评估n.估计, 估价, 评估
(4) sickness[ 5siknis ]n.疾病, 呕吐
(5) affect[ E5fekt ]vt.影响, 感动, 侵袭, 假装
(6) quality[ 5kwCliti ]n.质量, 品质, 性质
(7) dementia[ di5menFiE ]n.[医] 痴呆
(8) recognition[ 7rekE^5niFEn ]n.赞誉, 承认, 重视, 公认, 赏识,识别
(9) emotional[ i5mEuFEnl ]adj.情绪的, 情感的
(10) activity[ Ak5tiviti ]n.活跃, 活动性, 行动, 行为, [核]放射性
(11) express[ iks5pres ]adj.急速的, 特殊的, 明确的n.快车, 快递, 专使vt.表达, 表示adv.乘快车, 以快递方式
(12) community[ kE5mju:niti ]n.公社, 团体, 社会, (政治)共同体, 共有, 一致, 共同体, (生物)群落
(13) intelligence[ in5telidVEns ]n.智力, 聪明, 智能
(14) blame[ bleim ]n.过失, 责备vt.责备, 谴责
(15) abnormal[ Ab5nC:mEl ]adj.反常的, 变态的
(16) responsible[ ris5pCnsEbl ]adj.有责任的, 可靠的, 可依赖的, 负责的
(17) investigate[ in5vesti^eit ]v.调查, 研究
(18) gerontology[ 7dVerEn5tClEdVi ]n.老人医学
(19) relationship[ ri5leiFEnFip ]n.关系, 关联
(20) average[ 5AvEridV ]n.平均, 平均水平, 平均数, 海损adj.一般的, 通常的, 平均的vt.平均为, 均分, 使平衡, 达到平均水平vi.买进, 卖出
(21) necessarily[ 5nesisErili; nesi5serili ]adv.必要地
(22) describe[ dis5kraib ]vt.描写, 记述, 形容, 形容v.描述
(23) communicate[ kE5mju:nikeit ]v.沟通, 通信, (房间、道路、花园等)相通, 传达, 感染
(24) threaten[ 5Wretn ]vt.恐吓, 威胁, 预示(危险), 似有发生或来临的可能, 可能来临
(25) suffer[ 5sQfE ]vt.遭受, 经历, 忍受vi.受痛苦, 受损害
(26) catholic[ 5kAWElik ]n.天主教徒adj.天主教的
(27) nun[ nQn ]n.修女, 尼姑
(28) priest[ pri:st ]n.牧师
(29) monk[ mQNk ]n.修道士, 僧侣
(30) excellent[ 5eksElEnt ]adj.卓越的, 极好的
(31) ability[ E5biliti ]n.能力, 才干
(32) researcher[rI5s:tFE(r)]n.研究员
(33) instrument[ 5instrumEnt ]n.工具, 手段, 器械, 器具, 手段
(34) activity[ Ak5tiviti ]n.活跃, 活动性, 行动, 行为, [核]放射性
(35) suspect[ sEs5pekt ]n.嫌疑犯adj.令人怀疑的, 不可信的, 可疑的v.怀疑, 猜想, 对...有所觉察
(36) friendship[ 5frendFip ]n.友谊, 友好
(37) withdraw[ wiT5drC: ]vt.收回, 撤消vi.缩回, 退出v.撤退
(38) association[ E7sEusi5eiFEn ]n.协会, 联合, 结交, 联想
(39) Illinois[ 7ili5nCi(z) ]n.伊利诺斯州(美国州名)
(40) victim[ 5viktim ]n.受害人, 牺牲者, 牺牲品
(41) alive[ E5laiv ]adj.活着的, 活泼的

1 doughty   

adj.勇猛的，坚强的

参考例句：

• Most of successful men have the characteristics of contumacy and doughty.绝大多数成功人士都有共同的特质：脾气倔强，性格刚强。
• The doughty old man battled his illness with fierce determination.坚强的老人用巨大毅力与疾病作斗争。

2 disease   

n.疾病，弊端

参考例句：

• The doctors are trying to stamp out the disease.医生正在尽力消灭这种疾病。
• He fought against the disease for a long time.他同疾病做了长时间的斗争。

3 disorder   

n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调

参考例句：

• When returning back,he discovered the room to be in disorder.回家后，他发现屋子里乱七八糟。
• It contained a vast number of letters in great disorder.里面七零八落地装着许多信件。

4 recognition   

n.承认，认可，认出，认识

参考例句：

• The place has changed beyond recognition.这地方变得认不出来了。
• A sudden smile of recognition flashed across his face.他脸上掠过一丝笑意，表示认识对方。

5 restless   

adj.焦躁不安的；静不下来的，运动不止的

参考例句：

• He looks like a restless man.他看上去坐立不安。
• He has been very restless all day and he awoke nearly all last night.他一整天都心神不定，昨夜几乎一整夜没有合眼。

6 strokes   

中风； a sudden loss of consciousness resulting when the rupture or occlusion of a blood vessel leads to oxygen lack in the brain.； （游泳或划船的）划( stroke的名词复数 )； 中风； （打、击等的）一下； （成功的）举动

参考例句：

• Apply the paint thickly in even strokes. 涂颜料要厚，笔画要匀。
• To improve your tennis strokes you try using a different grip. 为了提高你网球的击球法，你试试用另一种握拍方法。

7 learned   

adj.有学问的，博学的；learn的过去式和过去分词

参考例句：

• He went into a rage when he learned about it.他听到这事后勃然大怒。
• In this little village,he passed for a learned man.在这个小村子里，他被视为有学问的人。

8 abnormal   

adj.反常的，不正常的，不规则的

参考例句：

• This warm weather is abnormal for February.二月里这种温暖的天气不太正常。
• That is simply abnormal.那简直是反常的。

9 works   

n.作品，著作；工厂，活动部件，机件

参考例句：

• We expect writers to produce more and better works.我们期望作家们写出更多更好的作品。
• The novel is regarded as one of the classic works.这篇小说被公认为是最优秀的作品之一。

10 nuns   

n.（通常指基督教的）修女， （佛教的）尼姑( nun的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Ah Q had always had the greatest contempt for such people as little nuns. 小尼姑之流是阿Q本来视如草芥的。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• Nuns are under vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. 修女须立誓保持清贫、贞洁、顺从。 来自辞典例句

11 priests   

n.（基督教和罗马天主教的）神父( priest的名词复数 )；牧师；（非基督教会的）教士；祭司

参考例句：

• the ordination of women priests 女司祭的授职礼
• The clergy remain divided on the issue of women priests. 在女性教士的问题上，牧师们意见不一。 来自《简明英汉词典》

12 monks   

n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The monks lived a very ascetic life. 僧侣过着很清苦的生活。
• He had been trained rigorously by the monks. 他接受过修道士的严格训练。 来自《简明英汉词典》

13 repeatedly   

adv.重复地，再三地

参考例句：

• The loudspeakers blared the speech repeatedly.扬声器里反复大声地播送那篇演讲。
• He repeatedly beat his foot upon the floor.他反复用脚敲着地板。

14 learning   

n.学问，学识，学习；动词learn的现在分词

参考例句：

• When you are learning to ride a bicycle,you often fall off.初学骑自行车时，常会从车上掉下来。
• Learning languages isn't just a matter of remembering words.学习语言不仅仅是记些单词的事。

15 advisor   

n.顾问，指导老师，劝告者

参考例句：

• They employed me as an advisor.他们聘请我当顾问。
• The professor is engaged as a technical advisor.这位教授被聘请为技术顾问。

16 association   

n.联盟，协会，社团；交往，联合；联想

参考例句：

• Our long association with your company has brought great benefits.我方和贵公司的长期合作带来了巨大的利益。
• I broke away from the association ten years ago.我10年前就脱离了那个团体。