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VOA标准英语2010年-Extent of Islamic Radicalism in Centra

时间:2010-06-01 02:38来源:互联网 提供网友:liu3766228   字体: [ ]
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Judith Latham 05 February 2010

Since 2001, Islamic radicalism2 has been largely associated with the Arab world and South Asia.  But in the past few years, some analysts3 have raised concerns about radical1 and militant4 groups in the five Central Asian states that were once part of the former Soviet5 Union.  Now, because of the proximity6 of those states to Afghanistan, understanding the nature of Islamic radicalism in the region has become strategically important to the United States and many European governments.

Situation Not Uniform throughout Region

Islamic radicalism has become a serious problem in some areas of Central Asia – especially in the Fergana Valley, which overlaps7 the borders of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan – but the threat is by no means uniform, according to Paul Goble, a specialist on ethnic8 and religious questions in Eurasia.

“There is a serious Islamist challenge against the Uzbek government,” Goble said.  “But in Kazakhstan, there is relatively9 little, and in Turkmenistan, there is almost none.”  Both in Tajikistan, along its border with Uzbekistan, and in the southern portion of Kyrgyzstan, there is “significant” Islamic radicalism that is largely a spillover from Uzbekistan, since it is a heavily Uzbek-populated area, according to Goble.  “So it’s wrong to say that all of Central Asia is subject to Islamic radicalism,” he warns, “but it’s correct to say that there is a very serious problem in Uzbekistan and in the adjoining areas of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.”

In the West, Goble explains, there are two opposing attitudes about the nature of the Islamist threat in Central Asia.  One, he explains, is that Western governments do not appreciate the serious political and military challenges faced by the states of Central Asia.  The other criticizes those authoritarian10 leaders, especially in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, who exaggerate the threat of Islamism for their own political ends.

But both interpretations11 miss the mark, Goble suggests.  “One of the problems is that – if you try to make this clear and simple – you’re going to be wrong.  The interaction of ethnicity, religion, economics, and politics means that there is more than one variable in this equation. Governments in the region – especially the Uzbek government of Islam Karimov – have chosen to call a lot of things Islamic that probably aren’t. But, those people who simply blame the governments miss the fact that there is a significant element of Islamic radicalism in the Fergana Valley,” he said.

A View from Russia

Alexey Malashenko of the Carnegie Moscow Center heads its program on religion and politics in Eurasia.  He said it is hard to evaluate how great a threat groups such as the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan currently pose to the governments of the region.  “I don’t want to exaggerate the Islamic threat, but at the same time we shouldn’t ignore it.” 

Malashenko said he thinks the goal of creating an Islamic state, or caliphate, in Central Asia is “utopian” and unlikely.  “But at the same time, because of a very poor economic situation and the lack of a normal secular12 opposition13, social and political protest is expressed through Islam.”   Although it would be inaccurate14 to say that the majority of the population shares the idea of an Islamic alternative, Malashenko said, a large part of society is “involved in Islamic ideas.”

A View from Central Asia

But journalist Alisher Khamidov, who has recently returned from Kyrgyzstan, where he was doing fieldwork on the roots of Islamic radicalism, says he questions the extent of the problem.  “I think there are definitely pockets of Islamic radicalism in Central Asia, but I think the threat of radicalism is quite exaggerated,” Khamidov said.

Over the past four or five years, especially since the suppression of the May 2005 uprising in Andijan, Khamidov suggests, there have been profound changes in the Fergana Valley and radical Islam has actually lost its earlier influence.
 
“The first factor is the level of state repression15 against what officials call Islamic radicalism,” Khamidov said.  For example, many people are now afraid of being affiliated16 with Hizb ut-Tahrir and other groups the government regards as radical.  The second major factor is economic pressure.  “A lot of people – potential recruits to radical groups – have gone to Russia in search of jobs.”  The third factor, Khamidov says, is ideological17 competition.  “In recent years, the Fergana Valley and other parts of Central Asia have witnessed a rise in moderate Islamic thought,” he said.
 
Ends and Means May Differ

According to Goble, it is critical to distinguish between ends and means when trying to evaluate the situation.  “Everyone who is part of Hizb ut-Tahrir believes the caliphate should be re-established,” he said, “but the question is:  how do you get from where you are to that goal?”  Goble argues that some people in Hizb ut-Tahrir believe in the use of terrorist means but others reject terrorism.  “In Uzbekistan and in the Russian Federation,” he suggests, the focus has been on those who say they must use militant means to achieve a caliphate.

Response of Western Governments

U.S. and European governments need to be aware of several important factors when dealing18 with Central Asia leaders, Goble cautions.  “The first is, don’t make the mistake of assuming that the way in which a leader describes the situation in his country is absolutely true.  For example, when President Karimov of Uzbekistan says that everybody who opposes me is an Islamist, we should realize that’s not true.”
 
“Second, we have got to stop thinking about Central Asia as a single place but rather as five countries that are very, very different,” Goble urges.  “Third, because the political, economic, ethnic, and religious borders do not correspond, it requires us to be very sensitive – as often we have not been – that what is going on in Kyrgyzstan may have more to do with Uzbeks than it does with Kyrgyz,” he warns.

Khamidov suggests that there is increasing awareness19 in Washington that the threat of Islamic radicalism has been exaggerated by the secular governments in the region.  “Unlike the previous administration, President Obama’s administration in some ways is aware of the counter-productive nature of repressive measures by Central Asia leaders on what they call Islamic radicalism.” 

At the same time, Khamidov observes, Washington seems to be concerned primarily with the war in neighboring Afghanistan and maintaining its access to bases in Central Asia to supply its forces there.  “They want the campaign to be successful, so they are willing to cooperate with undemocratic regimes and not question their human rights record and their fight against Islamic radicalism,” he suggests.

 


点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 radical hA8zu     
n.激进份子,原子团,根号;adj.根本的,激进的,彻底的
参考例句:
  • The patient got a radical cure in the hospital.病人在医院得到了根治。
  • She is radical in her demands.她的要求十分偏激。
2 radicalism MAUzu     
n. 急进主义, 根本的改革主义
参考例句:
  • His radicalism and refusal to compromise isolated him. 他的激进主义与拒绝妥协使他受到孤立。
  • Education produced intellectual ferment and the temptations of radicalism. 教育带来知识界的骚动,促使激进主义具有了吸引力。
3 analysts 167ff30c5034ca70abe2d60a6e760448     
分析家,化验员( analyst的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • City analysts forecast huge profits this year. 伦敦金融分析家预测今年的利润非常丰厚。
  • I was impressed by the high calibre of the researchers and analysts. 研究人员和分析人员的高素质给我留下了深刻印象。
4 militant 8DZxh     
adj.激进的,好斗的;n.激进分子,斗士
参考例句:
  • Some militant leaders want to merge with white radicals.一些好斗的领导人要和白人中的激进派联合。
  • He is a militant in the movement.他在那次运动中是个激进人物。
5 Soviet Sw9wR     
adj.苏联的,苏维埃的;n.苏维埃
参考例句:
  • Zhukov was a marshal of the former Soviet Union.朱可夫是前苏联的一位元帅。
  • Germany began to attack the Soviet Union in 1941.德国在1941年开始进攻苏联。
6 proximity 5RsxM     
n.接近,邻近
参考例句:
  • Marriages in proximity of blood are forbidden by the law.法律规定禁止近亲结婚。
  • Their house is in close proximity to ours.他们的房子很接近我们的。
7 overlaps d113557f17c9d775ab67146e39187d41     
v.部分重叠( overlap的第三人称单数 );(物体)部份重叠;交叠;(时间上)部份重叠
参考例句:
  • The style in these two books largely overlaps. 这两本书的文体有许多处是一致的。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
  • The new office overlaps the functions of the one already in existence. 新机构的职能与那个现存机构的职能部分重叠。 来自辞典例句
8 ethnic jiAz3     
adj.人种的,种族的,异教徒的
参考例句:
  • This music would sound more ethnic if you played it in steel drums.如果你用钢鼓演奏,这首乐曲将更具民族特色。
  • The plan is likely only to aggravate ethnic frictions.这一方案很有可能只会加剧种族冲突。
9 relatively bkqzS3     
adv.比较...地,相对地
参考例句:
  • The rabbit is a relatively recent introduction in Australia.兔子是相对较新引入澳大利亚的物种。
  • The operation was relatively painless.手术相对来说不痛。
10 authoritarian Kulzq     
n./adj.专制(的),专制主义者,独裁主义者
参考例句:
  • Foreign diplomats suspect him of authoritarian tendencies.各国外交官怀疑他有着独裁主义倾向。
  • The authoritarian policy wasn't proved to be a success.独裁主义的政策证明并不成功。
11 interpretations a61815f6fe8955c9d235d4082e30896b     
n.解释( interpretation的名词复数 );表演;演绎;理解
参考例句:
  • This passage is open to a variety of interpretations. 这篇文章可以有各种不同的解释。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The involved and abstruse passage makes several interpretations possible. 这段艰涩的文字可以作出好几种解释。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
12 secular GZmxM     
n.牧师,凡人;adj.世俗的,现世的,不朽的
参考例句:
  • We live in an increasingly secular society.我们生活在一个日益非宗教的社会。
  • Britain is a plural society in which the secular predominates.英国是个世俗主导的多元社会。
13 opposition eIUxU     
n.反对,敌对
参考例句:
  • The party leader is facing opposition in his own backyard.该党领袖在自己的党內遇到了反对。
  • The police tried to break down the prisoner's opposition.警察设法制住了那个囚犯的反抗。
14 inaccurate D9qx7     
adj.错误的,不正确的,不准确的
参考例句:
  • The book is both inaccurate and exaggerated.这本书不但不准确,而且夸大其词。
  • She never knows the right time because her watch is inaccurate.她从来不知道准确的时间因为她的表不准。
15 repression zVyxX     
n.镇压,抑制,抑压
参考例句:
  • The repression of your true feelings is harmful to your health.压抑你的真实感情有害健康。
  • This touched off a new storm against violent repression.这引起了反对暴力镇压的新风暴。
16 affiliated 78057fb733c9c93ffbdc5f0ed15ef458     
adj. 附属的, 有关连的
参考例句:
  • The hospital is affiliated with the local university. 这家医院附属于当地大学。
  • All affiliated members can vote. 所有隶属成员都有投票权。
17 ideological bq3zi8     
a.意识形态的
参考例句:
  • He always tries to link his study with his ideological problems. 他总是把学习和自己的思想问题联系起来。
  • He helped me enormously with advice on how to do ideological work. 他告诉我怎样做思想工作,对我有很大帮助。
18 dealing NvjzWP     
n.经商方法,待人态度
参考例句:
  • This store has an excellent reputation for fair dealing.该商店因买卖公道而享有极高的声誉。
  • His fair dealing earned our confidence.他的诚实的行为获得我们的信任。
19 awareness 4yWzdW     
n.意识,觉悟,懂事,明智
参考例句:
  • There is a general awareness that smoking is harmful.人们普遍认识到吸烟有害健康。
  • Environmental awareness has increased over the years.这些年来人们的环境意识增强了。
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TAG标签:   VOA标准英语  Islamic  Islamic
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