2019年经济学人 鲸鱼体型之谜(1)

鲸鱼体型之谜(1)

Why are whales so big? One answer is simply that they can be.

为什么鲸鱼的体型如此庞大？有一个答案很简单，它们就是能长到这么大。

The size of land animals is constrained¹ in part by their need to support themselves against the force of gravity.

陆地动物体型受限的部分原因是因为它们需要依靠自身对抗地心引力。

Marine² creatures have that support provided free, by the medium they live in.

海洋生物可以通过它们生活的环境为媒介免费获得这种支持。

Even so, what is possible is not always sensible. Resources put into growth are unavailable for reproduction.

即便如此，可能的事情并不总是明智的。投入生长的资源无法再生产。

Given that whales can and do become big, however, a second question arises: what, if anything, stops them being even bigger?

鉴于鲸鱼可以且确实庞大，第二个问题就来了：如果有的话，有什么可以阻止它们变得更大？

Jeremy Goldbogen of Stanford University and his colleagues suspect that the answers to both questions are related to the animals' food supply.

斯坦福大学的Jeremy Goldbogen和他的同事怀疑两个问题的答案和动物的食物供应有关。

And, as they describe in a paper in Science, they have gathered data that illuminate³ how this might work.

正如他们在《Science》杂志中发表的一篇论文所述，他们收集了数据，阐明了可能的运作方式。

Broadly, big whales come in two varieties. Toothed whales, such as sperm⁴ whales, hunt individual prey⁵.

总的来说，大鲸鱼有两种。齿鲸，如抹香鲸，捕食单个猎物。

Baleen⁶ whales suck in mouthfuls of water and extract small organisms such as krill, using fibrous buccal filters.

须鲸，用纤维状的口腔过滤器吸入大量的水，并从磷虾等小生物中吸取营养。

The biggest whales of all (blue, humpback and so on) are baleen whales.

所有鲸鱼中最大的鲸类（蓝鲸、座头鲸等）是须鲸。

This might be viewed as paradoxical, because on land, as predators⁷ get bigger, so do their individual prey.

这或许被认为是很矛盾的，因为在陆地上，捕食者越大，它们的猎物也越大。

Both toothed and baleen whales often hunt by diving deep—prey being more abundant at depth.

齿鲸和须鲸通常都潜入深海捕食，因为深海里的猎物更多。

To do this they have to hold their breath, which limits how long they can stay underwater.

为了去深海捕食，它们会屏住呼吸，这就限制了它们在深水中停留的时间。

One explanation of giantism in whales is that because bigger whales can hold their breath longer, they can spend more time hunting.

鲸鱼巨大体型的解释之一是因为体型越大，屏息时间越长，这样它们就能花更长时间在深海捕食。

1 constrained   

adj.束缚的,节制的

参考例句：

• The evidence was so compelling that he felt constrained to accept it. 证据是那样的令人折服，他觉得不得不接受。
• I feel constrained to write and ask for your forgiveness. 我不得不写信请你原谅。

2 marine   

adj.海的；海生的；航海的；海事的；n.水兵

参考例句：

• Marine creatures are those which live in the sea. 海洋生物是生存在海里的生物。
• When the war broke out,he volunteered for the Marine Corps.战争爆发时，他自愿参加了海军陆战队。

3 illuminate   

vt.照亮，照明；用灯光装饰；说明，阐释

参考例句：

• Dreams kindle a flame to illuminate our dark roads.梦想点燃火炬照亮我们黑暗的道路。
• They use games and drawings to illuminate their subject.他们用游戏和图画来阐明他们的主题。

4 sperm   

n.精子，精液

参考例句：

• Only one sperm fertilises an egg.只有一个精子使卵子受精。
• In human reproduction,one female egg is usually fertilized by one sperm.在人体生殖过程中，一个精子使一个卵子受精。

5 prey   

n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨

参考例句：

• Stronger animals prey on weaker ones.弱肉强食。
• The lion was hunting for its prey.狮子在寻找猎物。

6 baleen   

n.鲸须

参考例句：

• Other baleen whales have splash guards too,but not like this.一些须鲸物种头顶也有护住喷水孔的构造，但并不长成这样。
• Baleen whales often appear in this region. Be careful!这一带经常有须鲸出没，要注意安全啊。

7 predators   

n.食肉动物( predator的名词复数 )；奴役他人者（尤指在财务或性关系方面）

参考例句：

• birds and their earthbound predators 鸟和地面上捕食它们的动物
• The eyes of predators are highly sensitive to the slightest movement. 捕食性动物的眼睛能感觉到最细小的动静。 来自《简明英汉词典》