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新编大学英语阅读部分第一册Unit2-1

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Unit 2 Psychology1 in Our Daily Life

In-Class Reading

Is There a Doctor in the Body?

I. Word List
Directions: Memorize the words and phrases before class. You will benefit from your effort when you get the passage from your teacher and read it in class.


Proper Names

Romania
n. 罗马尼亚 (欧洲巴尔干半岛东北部国家)

New Words

bleed*
v. lose blood 出血
e.g. He'd been wounded in the arm and he was bleeding heavily.

bleeding
adj. 出血的,流血的

capsule *
n. 胶囊

harmless2 *
adj. not having any bad effects, especially on people's health
e.g. The experiment was harmless to the animals.

heal3 *
v. make or become well again, especially after a cut or other injury
e.g. It took three months for my arm to heal properly.

likely *
adj. expected to happen; probable4 可能的
e.g. I ) It's quite likely that we'll be in Spain this time next year.
II) Once people have seen that something actually works5, they are much more likely to accept change.

placebo6
n. (复-bos或-boes) 安慰剂

prescribe7 *
v. (of a doctor) say what (medical treatment) someone should have 为......开药方,嘱咐(疗法)
e.g. What treatment did the doctor prescribe?

prescription8 *
n. 药方
e.g. A doctor writes the prescription and a chemist (药剂师) makes it up for you.

rate *
n. a level of speed with which something happens or changes, or the number of times it happens or changes, within a particular period 率,比率
e.g. birth rate, success rate, growth rate

react *
v. behave differently or change as a result of something; respond 反应
e.g. The judge reacted angrily to the suggestion that it hadn't been a fair trial.

reaction *
n. 反应
e.g. What was her reaction when you told her the news?

reality *
n. 现实
e.g. The reality is that they are poor.

reassurance9 *
n. help or advice that makes you feel less worried or frightened about a problem 安慰,保证
e.g. Despite her father's reassurance she was still frightened of the dark.

relationship *
n. 关系
e.g. This relationship between them seemed strange to him.

relief *
n. a feeling of comfort when something frightening, worrying, or painful has not happened or has ended (痛苦等)减轻,解除
e.g. To our great relief, the children all arrived home safely.

role *
n. the way in which someone or something is involved in an activity or situation, and how much influence they have on it 角色,作用
e.g. Until now scientists had very little clear evidence about the drug's role in preventing more serious effects of infection.

seasickness10 *
n. 晕船

swear *
v. (swore, sworn) say or promise very seriously or definitely11 发誓,诅咒
e.g. I don't know anything about what happened, I swear.

treatment*
n. a method that is intended to cure an injury or illness 治疗方法
e.g. Heat treatment certainly helped my knee.

tribal12 *
adj. of a tribe13 or tribes14 部落的
e.g. tribal dress, tribal leaders

ulcer15
n. 溃疡

Is There a Doctor in the Body?

1 When you go to the doctor, you like to come away with a prescription. It makes you feel better to know you will get some medicine. But the doctor knows that medicine is not always needed. Sometimes all a sick person needs is some reassurance that all will be well. In such cases the doctor may prescribe a placebo.
2 A placebo is a sugar pill, a harmless shot, or an empty capsule. Even though they have no medicine in them, these things seem to make people well. The patient thinks it is medicine and begins to get better. How does this happen?
3 The study of the placebo opens up new knowledge about the way the human body can heal itself. It is as if there was a doctor in each of us. The "doctor" will heal the body for us if we let it.
4 But it is not yet known just how the placebo works to heal the body. Some people say it works because the human mind fools itself. These people say that if the mind is fooled into thinking it got medicine, then it will act as if it did, and the body will feel better.
5 Other people say this is not so. They say that the placebo makes the wish to get better become reality. The placebo will not work if the patient knows it is a placebo. This shows that the body is not fooled by it. It seems that if patients think they have been given medicine, they will have hope. They feel that they are getting some help. This gives them a stronger will to get better, and that is what helps to heal them.
6 Placebos16 do not always work. The success of this treatment seems to rest a lot with the relationship between the patient and the doctor. If the patient has a lot of trust in the doctor and if the doctor really wants to help the patient, then the placebo is more likely to work. So in a way, the doctor is the most powerful placebo of all.
7 An example of the doctor's role in making the placebo work can be seen in this study. Some patients with bleeding ulcers17 were put in two groups. The first group were told by a doctor that they had been given a new drug which, it was hoped, would give them some relief. The second group were told by a nurse that they had been given a new drug but that not much was known about how it would work. As a result, 70 percent of the people in the first group got much better. Only 25 percent of the people in the second group got better. And both groups had in fact been given the same thing-a placebo.
8 The placebo has been found to work with a lot of different cases. It helps such things as seasickness, coughs, colds, and even pain after an operation. And there was an experiment done to see if a placebo could help old people stay healthy and live longer.
9 The test was done in Romania with 150 people over the age of 60. They were put in three groups with 50 people in each group. The first group were given nothing at all. The second group were given a placebo. The third group were given a real drug and told that it would help with the problems of old age. (In fact, it was not a drug for old age at all.) The three groups were studied for many years. The first group showed no changes from the way old people in that village had always been. The second group (with the placebo) had much better health and a lower death rate. The third group (with the real drug) showed much the same results as the group that took the placebo.
10 A placebo can also have bad effects. If patients expect a bad reaction to medicine, then they will also show a bad reaction to the placebo. This would seem to show that a lot of how you react to medicine is in your mind rather than in your body. Some doctors still think that if the placebo can have bad effects it should never be used. They think there is still not enough known about it.
11 And yet, the use of the placebo has been well known for hundreds of years in other countries. Tribal doctors in some African countries have known for a long time that patients will get better if they think they are going to. Many of the "treatments" they use do not seem able to make a sick person better, and yet such treatments work.
12 The strange power of the placebo does seem to suggest that the human mind is stronger than we think it is. There are people who say you can heal your body by using your mind. And the interesting thing is that even people who swear this is not possible have been healed18 by a placebo. (839 words)

Time taken: ____ minutes


Phrases and Expressions

as a result
because of something that has happened
e.g. He slipped and broke his leg. As a result, he will have to be away from school for two or three weeks.

fool somebody into doing something
trick somebody into doing something
e.g. Tim was fooled into believing that he'd won a lot of money.

in a way
partly, to some degree 就某种意义来说,在某种程度上
e.g. In a way, her health is much improved, but she is still not really well.

open up
develop or make something available 展示,揭示
e.g. This research opens up the possibility of being able to find a cure for the disease19.

react to
respond to 对......做出反应
e.g. Do children react to kind treatment by becoming more self-confident?

rest with
lie with 取决于,得靠
e.g. Whether the talks are successful or not rests with a small number of men.


点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 psychology U0Wze     
n.心理,心理学,心理状态
参考例句:
  • She has a background in child psychology.她受过儿童心理学的教育。
  • He studied philosophy and psychology at Cambridge.他在剑桥大学学习哲学和心理学。
2 harmless Fe1xO     
adj.无害的,无恶意的
参考例句:
  • This experiment was harmless to the animals.这个试验不会对动物造成伤害。
  • He was a harmless sort.他是一个不怀恶意的人。
3 heal Fd9xt     
v.使愈合,治愈,使康复;平息(争吵等);消除,解决(分支等)
参考例句:
  • Time helped heal the old wounds.时间有助于治愈旧创伤。
  • This wound will soon heal if yon keep it clean.如果你保持伤口清洁,它很快就会痊愈。
4 probable cQVxF     
adj.可能的,有望发性或实现的
参考例句:
  • It is probable to finish the job before dark.天黑之前有可能完成这项工作。
  • It is hardly probable that he will succeed.他不会成功。
5 works ieuzIh     
n.作品,著作;工厂,活动部件,机件
参考例句:
  • We expect writers to produce more and better works.我们期望作家们写出更多更好的作品。
  • The novel is regarded as one of the classic works.这篇小说被公认为是最优秀的作品之一。
6 placebo placebo     
n.安慰剂;宽慰话
参考例句:
  • The placebo has been found to work with a lot of different cases.人们已发现安慰剂能在很多不同的病例中发挥作用。
  • The placebo effect refers to all the observable behaviors caused by placebo.安慰剂效应是指由安慰剂所引起的可观察的行为。
7 prescribe 11Vz0     
vi.规定,开药方;vt.规定,命令,开处方
参考例句:
  • The doctor prepared to prescribe a receipt.医生准备开个药方。
  • Can't you just prescribe some of those diet pills,doctor?你不能开一些减肥药吗,医生?
8 prescription u1vzA     
n.处方,开药;指示,规定
参考例句:
  • The physician made a prescription against sea- sickness for him.医生给他开了个治晕船的药方。
  • The drug is available on prescription only.这种药只能凭处方购买。
9 reassurance LTJxV     
n.使放心,使消除疑虑
参考例句:
  • He drew reassurance from the enthusiastic applause.热烈的掌声使他获得了信心。
  • Reassurance is especially critical when it comes to military activities.消除疑虑在军事活动方面尤为关键。
10 seasickness ojpzVf     
n.晕船
参考例句:
  • Europeans take melons for a preventive against seasickness. 欧洲人吃瓜作为预防晕船的方法。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
  • He was very prone to seasickness and already felt queasy. 他快晕船了,已经感到恶心了。 来自辞典例句
11 definitely RuJzx0     
adv.一定地,肯定地;明确地,确切地
参考例句:
  • The team will definitely lose if he doesn't play.如果他不参加比赛,这个队肯定会输。
  • I shall definitely be home before six o'clock.6点以前,我一定回家。
12 tribal ifwzzw     
adj.部族的,种族的
参考例句:
  • He became skilled in several tribal lingoes.他精通几种部族的语言。
  • The country was torn apart by fierce tribal hostilities.那个国家被部落间的激烈冲突弄得四分五裂。
13 tribe XJ2zS     
n.部落,种族,一伙人
参考例句:
  • This is a subject tribe.这是个受他人统治的部落。
  • Many of the tribe's customs and rituals are as old as the hills.这部落的许多风俗、仪式都极其古老。
14 tribes f3d6790faa976a2695d01a08f7b2ba64     
n.部落( tribe的名词复数 );(动、植物的)族;(一)帮;大群
参考例句:
  • tribes living in remote areas of the Amazonian rainforest 居住在亚马孙河雨林偏远地区的部落
  • In Africa the snake is still sacred with many tribes. 非洲许多部落仍认为蛇是不可冒犯的。 来自《简明英汉词典》
15 ulcer AHmyp     
n.溃疡,腐坏物
参考例句:
  • She had an ulcer in her mouth.她口腔出现溃疡。
  • A bacterium is identified as the cause for his duodenal ulcer.一种细菌被断定为造成他十二指肠溃疡的根源。
16 placebos b8ed7c7b1674d28090705a042f20bdea     
n.(给无实际治疗需要者的)安慰剂( placebo的名词复数 );安慰物;宽心话;(试验药物用的)无效对照剂
参考例句:
  • But, eventually, I think they were just kind of like placebos. 但是后来,我想它们只是安慰剂(安慰剂:没有任何药效的药) 来自电影对白
  • But comparable numbers of those who received placebos also improved. 但是吃安慰剂的人的病情也改善了。 来自互联网
17 ulcers CfBzhM     
n.溃疡( ulcer的名词复数 );腐烂物;道德败坏;腐败
参考例句:
  • Detachment of the dead cells produces erosions and ulcers. 死亡细胞的脱落,产生糜烂和溃疡。 来自辞典例句
  • 75% of postbulbar ulcers occur proximal to the duodenal papilla. 75%的球后溃疡发生在十二指肠乳头近侧。 来自辞典例句
18 healed f3304eef965b9c5af9019cbdb18127c4     
v.(使)愈合( heal的过去式和过去分词 );治愈;(使)结束;较容易忍受
参考例句:
  • The surgeon healed the soldier's bullet wound in the leg. 医生治好了那位士兵腿部的枪伤。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The doctor applied an unguent to the wound,which speedily healed it. 医生给伤口涂了些油膏,伤口很快就愈合了。 来自《简明英汉词典》
19 disease etMxx     
n.疾病,弊端
参考例句:
  • The doctors are trying to stamp out the disease.医生正在尽力消灭这种疾病。
  • He fought against the disease for a long time.他同疾病做了长时间的斗争。
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