国家地理:用吐槽的方式谈科学效果更好(4)

In a 2015 follow-up study, we found that late-night humor can influence how viewers perceive climate science itself. This time, we tested the effects of a Last Week Tonight segment in which host John Oliver and guest Bill Nye hold a "statistically¹ representative climate change debate" to illustrate² the scientific consensus³ on the issue. Their "debate" shows Nye and 96 other scientists drowning out three global warming doubters. Watching this segment swayed study participants to see scientists as believing in human-caused climate change -- which, in turn, bolstered⁴ participants' own certainty that global warming is happening. The effect was strongest among those least interested in science.

在2015年的后续研究中，我们发现深夜幽默会影响观众对气候科学本身的看法。这次，我们测试了《上周今夜秀》其中一个片段的效果，在这个片段中，主持人约翰·奥利弗和来宾比尔·奈进行了一场在统计上有代表性的气候变化辩论，来说明对该问题的科学共识。他们的“辩论”结果是，奈和其他96位科学家战胜了3位全球变暖怀疑者。观看这一片段确实影响了该研究的参与者，他们开始相信科学家们所认为的气候变化是人为造成的这一观点，这反过来又增强了参与者对全球变暖正在发生的确定性。在不喜欢科学的人群中，这一影响是最大的。

Other research has revealed the same sorts of effects. A study by Ashley Anderson and Amy Becker found that after watching a satirical video produced by The Onion, formerly⁵ apathetic⁶ viewers felt more certain that climate change is taking place and is a serious problem. In another study, Chris Skurka, Jeff Niederdeppe, and Robin⁷ Nabi showed that a segment from Jimmy Kimmel Live! led audience members to perceive greater risks from climate change.

其他研究也揭示了同样的效果。阿什莉·安德森和艾米·贝克尔进行的一项研究发现，在观看由新闻讽刺网站“洋葱网”制作的讽刺视频后，以前对此漠不关心的观众，开始确定气候变化正在发生，并且是一个严重的问题。在克里斯·斯科尔卡、杰夫·尼德德普和罗宾·纳比进行的另一项研究中，结果显示，观看《吉米鸡毛秀》片段的观众，意识到了气候变化会带来更大风险。

Late-night hosts have also derided⁸ groups that, for example, cite a single discredited⁹ study to blame autism on vaccines¹⁰, or push for teaching creationism in public schools despite the mountain of evidence for evolution. Kimmel has skewered¹¹ fears about genetically¹² modified foods -- which most scientists say are safe to eat -- by showing anti-GMO produce shoppers struggle to explain on camera what the acronym¹³ means. And on that Full Frontal episode mentioned earlier, a skit¹⁴ depicted¹⁵ fictional¹⁶ high school students mocking anti-vaxxers' claims ("Wow, you make vaccinations¹⁷ sound so cool; maybe it is bad to get diseases from the Middle Ages"). The 2016 poll that Paul conducted with Barbara Ley found that late-night viewers were more likely than nonviewers to agree with scientists on both GMOs and vaccines, even after accounting¹⁸ for many other factors that also shape science attitudes.

深夜秀的主持人们也讽刺了其他一些科学组织，例如引用单一且不太可信的研究将自闭症归咎于疫苗；或是尽管存在大量的进化论证据，仍旧推动在公立学校教授创世论。坎摩尔讽刺了对转基因食品的担忧，大多数科学家都认为其可以安全食用。那些反转基因产品的购物者，甚至都很难在镜头前解释这个缩写的含义。在前面提到的《正面交锋》中，一部滑稽短剧虚构了高中生对反疫苗接种者的倡议的嘲讽（“哇，接种疫苗听起来很酷；不然染上中世纪的大瘟疫就不好了”）。保罗与芭芭拉·莱伊进行的2016年民意调查发现，相比不观看深夜秀的观众，观看的观众更有可能就转基因食品和疫苗与科学家观点达成一致，即使是在考虑了许多其他影响科学态度的因素的前提下。

1 statistically   

ad.根据统计数据来看，从统计学的观点来看

参考例句：

• The sample of building permits is larger and therefore, statistically satisfying. 建筑许可数的样本比较大，所以统计数据更令人满意。
• The results of each test would have to be statistically independent. 每次试验的结果在统计上必须是独立的。

2 illustrate   

v.举例说明，阐明；图解，加插图

参考例句：

• The company's bank statements illustrate its success.这家公司的银行报表说明了它的成功。
• This diagram will illustrate what I mean.这个图表可说明我的意思。

3 consensus   

n.(意见等的)一致，一致同意，共识

参考例句：

• Can we reach a consensus on this issue?我们能在这个问题上取得一致意见吗？
• What is the consensus of opinion at the afternoon meeting?下午会议上一致的意见是什么？

4 bolstered   

v.支持( bolster的过去式和过去分词 )；支撑；给予必要的支持；援助

参考例句：

• He bolstered his plea with new evidence. 他举出新的证据来支持他的抗辩。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
• The data must be bolstered by inferences and indirect estimates of varying degrees of reliability. 这些资料必须借助于推理及可靠程度不同的间接估计。 来自辞典例句

5 formerly   

adv.从前，以前

参考例句：

• We now enjoy these comforts of which formerly we had only heard.我们现在享受到了过去只是听说过的那些舒适条件。
• This boat was formerly used on the rivers of China.这船从前航行在中国内河里。

6 apathetic   

adj.冷漠的，无动于衷的

参考例句：

• I realised I was becoming increasingly depressed and apathetic.我意识到自己越来越消沉、越来越冷漠了。
• You won't succeed if you are apathetic.要是你冷淡，你就不能成功。

7 robin   

n.知更鸟，红襟鸟

参考例句：

• The robin is the messenger of spring.知更鸟是报春的使者。
• We knew spring was coming as we had seen a robin.我们看见了一只知更鸟，知道春天要到了。

8 derided   

v.取笑，嘲笑( deride的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• His views were derided as old-fashioned. 他的观点被当作旧思想受到嘲弄。
• Gazing up to the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity. 我抬头疑视着黑暗，感到自己是一个被虚荣心驱使和拨弄的可怜虫。 来自辞典例句

9 discredited   

不足信的，不名誉的

参考例句：

• The reactionary authorities are between two fires and have been discredited. 反动当局弄得进退维谷，不得人心。
• Her honour was discredited in the newspapers. 她的名声被报纸败坏了。

10 vaccines   

疫苗，痘苗( vaccine的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• His team are at the forefront of scientific research into vaccines. 他的小组处于疫苗科研的最前沿。
• The vaccines were kept cool in refrigerators. 疫苗放在冰箱中冷藏。

11 skewered   

v.（用串肉扦或类似物）串起，刺穿( skewer的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• He skewered his victim through the neck. 他用扦子刺穿了受害人的脖子。 来自辞典例句
• He skewered his foot on a nail. 他的脚踩在钉子上了。 来自互联网

12 genetically   

adv.遗传上

参考例句：

• All the bees in the colony are genetically related. 同一群体的蜜蜂都有亲缘关系。
• Genetically modified foods have already arrived on American dinner tables. 经基因改造加工过的食物已端上了美国人的餐桌。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 基因与食物

13 acronym   

n.首字母简略词，简称

参考例句：

• That's a mouthful of an acronym for a very simple technology.对于一项非常简单的技术来说，这是一个很绕口的缩写词。
• TSDF is an acronym for Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities.TSDF是处理，储存和处置设施的一个缩写。

14 skit   

n.滑稽短剧；一群

参考例句：

• The comic skIt sent up the foolishness of young men in love.那幅画把沉溺于热恋中的青年男子的痴态勾勒得滑稽可笑。
• They performed a skit to amuse the crowd.他们表演了一个幽默小品来娱乐观众。

15 depicted   

描绘，描画( depict的过去式和过去分词 )； 描述

参考例句：

• Other animals were depicted on the periphery of the group. 其他动物在群像的外围加以修饰。
• They depicted the thrilling situation to us in great detail. 他们向我们详细地描述了那激动人心的场面。

16 fictional   

adj.小说的，虚构的

参考例句：

• The names of the shops are entirely fictional.那些商店的名字完全是虚构的。
• The two authors represent the opposite poles of fictional genius.这两位作者代表了天才小说家两个极端。

17 vaccinations   

n.种痘，接种( vaccination的名词复数 )；牛痘疤

参考例句：

• Vaccinations ensure one against diseases. 接种疫苗可以预防疾病。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• I read some publicity about vaccinations while waiting my turn at the doctor's. 在医生那儿候诊时，我读了一些关于接种疫苗的宣传。 来自《简明英汉词典》

18 accounting   

n.会计，会计学，借贷对照表

参考例句：

• A job fell vacant in the accounting department.财会部出现了一个空缺。
• There's an accounting error in this entry.这笔账目里有差错。