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经济学人189:艺术评论和计算机 数字图画

时间:2014-01-16 02:41来源:互联网 提供网友:mapleleaf   字体: [ ]
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   Science and technology

  科学技术
  Art criticism and computers
  艺术评论和计算机
  Painting by numbers
  数字图画
  Digital analysis is invading the world of the connoisseur1
  数字分析正侵蚀艺术品鉴赏界
  JUDGING artistic2 styles, and the similarities between them, might be thought one bastion of human skill that machines could never storm.
  对艺术风格,跟他们之间的相似之处的评价,可能被认为是一块机器无法侵犯的人类技艺圣地。
  Not so, if Lior Shamir at Lawrence Technological3 University in Michigan is correct.
  并非如此,加入密歇根州老孙死理工大学的Lior Shamir没错的话。
  A paper he has just published in Leonardo suggests that computers may have just as good an eye for style as humans do—and,
  他刚刚在李奥纳多发表的一篇文章之处电脑的眼力可能不必人类差——而且,
  in some cases, may see connections between artists that human critics have missed.
  某些情况下,电脑甚至能够发现一些评论家忽略的,艺术家之间的相似之处。
  Dr Shamir, a computer scientist, presented 57 images by each of nine painters—Salvador Dalí, Giorgio de Chirico, Max Ernst, Vasily Kandinsky, Claude Monet, Jackson Pollock, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Mark Rothko and Vincent van Gogh—to a computer, to see what it made of them.
  博士Shamir,一位计算机专家,将Salvador Dalí, Giorgio de Chirico, Max Ernst, Vasily Kandinsky, Claude Monet, Jackson Pollock, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Mark Rothko和 Vincent van Gogh九位画家的每人57幅作品扫描到计算机中,看看它能得出什么。
  The computer broke the images into a number of so-called numerical descriptors.
  于是电脑将图像分解为许多所谓的数字描述符。
  These descriptors quantified textures4 and colours, the statistical5 distribution of edges across a canvas,
  这些解析符将质地和颜色量化,帆布的边缘的统计分布,特定种类的形状的分布,
  the distributions of particular types of shape, the intensity6 of the colour of individual points on a painting,
  一幅作品上独立的点的颜色的深浅,还有任何蕾丝不规则碎片的本质,
  and also the nature of any fractal-like patterns within it.
  不规则碎片是指大小不同形状相似的特质,比如雪花的边缘。
  All told, the computer identified 4,027 different numerical descriptors.
  结果,电脑总共确认了4027种不同的解析符。
  Once their values had been established for each of the 513 artworks that had been fed into it,
  一旦它们对于这513件被反哺给电脑的每件艺术品的价值被确立,
  it was ready to do the analysis.
  计算机马上可以开始分析。
  Dr Shamir's aim was to look for quantifiable ways of distinguishing between the work of different artists.
  博士Shamir的目的事项寻找区分不同艺术家作品的可量化的方法。
  If such things could be established, it might make the task of deciding who painted what a little easier.
  如果上述事实能够被证实成立,区分各个画家的作品的工作将会简单一点儿。
  Such decisions matter because, even excluding deliberate forgeries7, there are many paintings in existence that cannot conclusively8 be attributed to a master rather than his pupils,
  这样的决定对我们很重要,因为即使是在排除有意伪造之后,任然有许多作品不能被确认出自某位画家,而非他的学生,
  or that may be honestly made copies whose provenance9 is now lost.
  或是某个出处无可探寻的逼真的复制品。
  To look for such distinguishing features, Dr Shamir programmed the computer to use a statistical method that scores the strength of the distance between the values of two or more descriptors for each pair of artists.
  为了寻找这种能有助于区分的特质,Shamir博士设法使计算机能利用一个统计学方法来评价用来比较每两位画家的两个以上的描述符的价值之间距离的大小。
  As a result, he was able to rank each of the 4,027 descriptors by how useful it was at discriminating10 between artists.
  最后,他就能根据描述符分辨艺术家的能力来给它们打分。
  Surprisingly, the values of 19 of the 20 most informative11 descriptors showed dramatically higher similarities between Van Gogh and Pollock than between Van Gogh and painters such as Monet and Renoir,
  令人吃惊的是,在提供的消息最有用的20种描述符中,有19种显示出梵高和波洛克作品之间的相似度,要远远高于梵高和像莫内和雷诺瓦的画家之间,
  who conventional art criticism would think more closely related to Van Gogh's oeuvre than Pollock's is.
  而传统的评论家认为后者的作品与梵高作品更接近。相反地,达利和恩斯特的作品的差距却比预期要大。
  What is interesting, according to Dr Shamir, is that no single feature makes Pollock's artistic style similar to Van Gogh's.
  有趣的是,Shamir博士指出,没有一个特质能单独证明波洛克的艺术风格与梵高的相似。
  Instead, the connection is based on a broad set of image-content descriptors which reflect many aspects of the two artists' styles,
  相反,他们的联系是在长长的一系列反映了这两名画家的许多艺术风格的图像内容解析符的基础上形成的,
  including a shared preference for low-level textures and shapes, and similarities in the ways they employed lines and edges.
  风格中包括,他们都偏爱低档面料跟外形,他们勾勒线和边的方式相似。
  What was intended, then, as a way of improving the ability to distinguish between different hands has also thrown up a new way of looking for stylistic similarities.
  于是,原本用来宜于区分不同画家的作品的方法,也能用来寻找艺术家的不同风格。
  Whether Pollock was actually influenced by Van Gogh, or merely happened upon a similar way of doing things through a similar artistic sensibility, is not clear.
  虽然波洛克实际上到底是受到了梵高的影响,还是仅仅是由于在处在相似的艺术风气下,不得而知。
  But it gives art historians a new line of investigation12 to pursue.
  但是它给艺术历史学家提供了一条新的线索。
  1.criticism n.批评;评论
  He is impervious13 to criticism.
  他对批评我行我素。
  2.connoisseur n.鉴识家;内行
  He is a connoisseur of antique furniture.
  他是古家俱鉴定家。
  3.bastion n.棱堡;堡垒
  These clubs are the last bastions of male privilege.
  这些俱乐部是男性特权的最后棱堡。
  4.connection n.联系;关系;连接
  What is the connection between the two ideas?
  这两个概念之间有何联系?
  5.present v.提出;赠送;呈现
  He bought me a valuable diamond ring as a birthday present.
  他给我买了一只贵重的钻戒作生日礼物。

点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 connoisseur spEz3     
n.鉴赏家,行家,内行
参考例句:
  • Only the real connoisseur could tell the difference between these two wines.只有真正的内行才能指出这两种酒的区别。
  • We are looking for a connoisseur of French champagne.我们想找一位法国香槟酒品酒专家。
2 artistic IeWyG     
adj.艺术(家)的,美术(家)的;善于艺术创作的
参考例句:
  • The picture on this screen is a good artistic work.这屏风上的画是件很好的艺术品。
  • These artistic handicrafts are very popular with foreign friends.外国朋友很喜欢这些美术工艺品。
3 technological gqiwY     
adj.技术的;工艺的
参考例句:
  • A successful company must keep up with the pace of technological change.一家成功的公司必须得跟上技术变革的步伐。
  • Today,the pace of life is increasing with technological advancements.当今, 随着科技进步,生活节奏不断增快。
4 textures c5e62798e528da9080811018cbb27cd3     
n.手感( texture的名词复数 );质感;口感;(音乐或文学的)谐和统一感
参考例句:
  • I'm crazy about fabrics textures and colors and designs. 我喜欢各式各样的纺织物--对它的质地,色彩到花纹图案--简直是入了迷。 来自辞典例句
  • Let me clear up the point about the textures. 让我明确了一点有关的纹理。 来自互联网
5 statistical bu3wa     
adj.统计的,统计学的
参考例句:
  • He showed the price fluctuations in a statistical table.他用统计表显示价格的波动。
  • They're making detailed statistical analysis.他们正在做具体的统计分析。
6 intensity 45Ixd     
n.强烈,剧烈;强度;烈度
参考例句:
  • I didn't realize the intensity of people's feelings on this issue.我没有意识到这一问题能引起群情激奋。
  • The strike is growing in intensity.罢工日益加剧。
7 forgeries ccf3756c474249ecf8bd23166b7aaaf1     
伪造( forgery的名词复数 ); 伪造的文件、签名等
参考例句:
  • The whole sky was filled with forgeries of the brain. 整个天空充满了头脑里臆造出来的膺品。
  • On inspection, the notes proved to be forgeries. 经过检查,那些钞票证明是伪造的。
8 conclusively NvVzwY     
adv.令人信服地,确凿地
参考例句:
  • All this proves conclusively that she couldn't have known the truth. 这一切无可置疑地证明她不可能知道真相。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • From the facts,he was able to determine conclusively that the death was not a suicide. 根据这些事实他断定这起死亡事件并非自杀。 来自《简明英汉词典》
9 provenance ZBTyR     
n.出处;起源
参考例句:
  • Kato was fully aware of the provenance of these treasures.加藤完全清楚这些珍宝的来源。
  • This plant's provenance is Asiadj.这种植物原产于亚洲。
10 discriminating 4umz8W     
a.有辨别能力的
参考例句:
  • Due caution should be exercised in discriminating between the two. 在区别这两者时应该相当谨慎。
  • Many businesses are accused of discriminating against women. 许多企业被控有歧视妇女的做法。
11 informative 6QczZ     
adj.提供资料的,增进知识的
参考例句:
  • The adverts are not very informative.这些广告并没有包含太多有用信息。
  • This intriguing book is both thoughtful and informative.这本引人入胜的书既有思想性又富知识性。
12 investigation MRKzq     
n.调查,调查研究
参考例句:
  • In an investigation,a new fact became known, which told against him.在调查中新发现了一件对他不利的事实。
  • He drew the conclusion by building on his own investigation.他根据自己的调查研究作出结论。
13 impervious 2ynyU     
adj.不能渗透的,不能穿过的,不易伤害的
参考例句:
  • He was completely impervious to criticism.他对批评毫不在乎。
  • This material is impervious to gases and liquids.气体和液体都透不过这种物质。
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