“最后堡垒的隐私”—指纹在线加密

 　　JEFFREY BROWN: Next new revelations about the government's ability to crack through important Internet privacy safeguards.

　　Hari Sreenivasan has the story from our New York studio.

　　HARI SREENIVASAN: Like other surveillance stories in recent weeks, the government's efforts have been led by the National Security Agency, or NSA.

　　And like other disclosures, the latest information comes from documents provided by former NSA contractor¹ Edward Snowden.

　　In this case, the reporting was done by a partnership² of The New York Times, ProPublica and The Guardian³.

　　Reporters found the NSA is able to crack through encryption or protective encoding tools that are used by businesses, banks, social media and other kinds of online commerce.

　　For example, it's often assumed that when you purchase a product online or bank online with a secured and locked HTTPS connection, you have protected your password and financial information.

　　But the news reports say the NSA can unlock that information.

　　Nicole Perlroth is a cyber-security reporter with The New York Times. She joins us from San Francisco.

　　So, Nicole, how significant is this?

　　NICOLE PERLROTH, The New York Times: This is huge.

　　This was the last bastion of privacy on the Internet.

　　And what we have discovered is that, for the last two decades, the NSA has been actively⁴ working to crack or circumvent⁵ the encryption technologies that we all use,not just for Internet banking⁶ and to protect medical records and electronic voting systems, but that we actually, as you pointed⁷ out, use for everyday Internet communications like e-mail or Internet chats, et cetera.

　　HARI SREENIVASAN: So, how does the NSA do this? We're talking about a set of locks and keys that we think we have to protect the things.

　　Do they have another set of keys or have they poked⁸ holes in the locks?

　　NICOLE PERLROTH: All of the above.

　　What we have learned is that there's been a sustained multipronged effort to break or circumvent many of the encryption technologies that have been developed over the last two decades.

　　So, in some cases, the NSA is using its power and influence as the world's best code maker⁹ to set standards that only it knows how to break.

　　In other cases, it's getting into servers and taking encryption keys.

　　It's using secret court orders, in some cases through its intermediaries, to grab encryption keys from private companies.

　　And, in some cases, it's working hand in hand with companies to embed¹⁰ itself into encryption chips that scramble¹¹ information for much of the world's businesses and governments or working with companies to build in custom solutions that give it pre-encrypted access to communications.

　　This has all been done in secret.

　　So, as we point out in our article, two decades ago, we as a nation had a big conversation around the Clipper chip, which was the Clinton administration's way of putting in a backdoor to all encryption technologies.

　　And, as a nation, we decided¹² that this was fundamentally unacceptable, that we wanted some things to remain secret.

　　And what we found out yesterday and what we said today in our article is that the NSA has gotten around that, effectively done the same thing in secret.

　　HARI SREENIVASAN: And what's their justification¹³?

　　That they want to be able to pick the locks of communications from the bad guys?

　　NICOLE PERLROTH: Exactly, that their efforts depend on the ability to read terrorist communications, andto track where the money is going, and that the only way that they can do that is to break this encryption.

　　The problem is now it's no longer targeted.

　　So, during World War II, the U.K. and U.S. broke the encryption surrounding the Enigma¹⁴ machine, and that was hugely influential¹⁵ in determining the end of that war.

　　The problem is now, it is not just the Enigma machine.

　　It's everyday communications.

　　It's U.S. technologies that basically assure their users that they can trust these companies that their communications are private.

　　And what's been happening is in the background the NSA has been finding ways inside.

　　HARI SREENIVASAN: So, have U.S. technologies been complicit in this?

　　Have they been enabling the NSA with backdoor keys or access?

　　NICOLE PERLROTH: It's difficult to say how much of this is voluntary and how much of it is coerced¹⁶.

　　If you look at the documents that we got from Edward Snowden, there's multiple mentions of cooperative partnerships¹⁷ and voluntary relationships, which would insinuate¹⁸ that the partnerships are voluntary.

　　But then I spoke¹⁹ with a number of technology companies that said off the record that they were compelled by court order, and faced in some cases contempt of court, if they didn't hand the government their encryption keys or build out these custom solutions.

　　And they're not able to talk about this because they are under gag order or secret court orders forbid them from talking about exactly what these relationships look like.

　　HARI SREENIVASAN: And this sort of influence by government is something that we have accused Chinese companies of, putting in backdoors into American technologies.

　　NICOLE PERLROTH: That's right.

　　What we found out is that all these accusations²⁰ that American lawmakers have leveled against Huawei and ZTE in China,that basically American lawmakers accuse those companies of planting backdoors in their systems that wouldallow the PLA to spy on American corporations.

　　And what we have been finding out essentially²¹ in our report today is that the U.S. government has been doing the exact same thing.

　　So, it definitely puts American lawmakers in a bind²² and it puts American companies in a bind in terms of their global market share.

　　And it will be interesting to see what happens over the next coming months.

　　HARI SREENIVASAN: So your report tomorrow morning -- in tomorrow morning's paper is going to be about the reaction to all of this.

　　How are government agencies or people that are in the technology community reacting?

　　NICOLE PERLROTH: Well, the NSA put out a statement today that effectively said that this was a huge setback²³ for them, and that they didn't believe that the story should have been published, that there was --that national security concerns outweighed²⁴ the public's need to know and debate about this topic.

　　Everyone else I have spoken with, however, is very glad that we made these disclosures.

　　People in the cryptography community that thought they had won this war with encryption two decades ago are heartbroken.

　　American companies are extremely frustrated²⁵ that they continue to make assurances to their customers that their systems have not been breached²⁶ or compromised and they are not handing the government their encryption keys,but I think the public no longer can trust those assurances anymore.

　　So I think what we're seeing now is a fundamental lack of trust.

　　HARI SREENIVASAN: All right, Nicole Perlroth from The New York Times, thanks so much.

　　NICOLE PERLROTH: Thank you.

1 contractor   

n.订约人，承包人，收缩肌

参考例句：

• The Tokyo contractor was asked to kick $ 6000 back as commission.那个东京的承包商被要求退还6000美元作为佣金。
• The style of house the contractor builds depends partly on the lay of the land.承包商所建房屋的式样，有几分要看地势而定。

2 partnership   

n.合作关系，伙伴关系

参考例句：

• The company has gone into partnership with Swiss Bank Corporation.这家公司已经和瑞士银行公司建立合作关系。
• Martin has taken him into general partnership in his company.马丁已让他成为公司的普通合伙人。

3 guardian   

n.监护人；守卫者，保护者

参考例句：

• The form must be signed by the child's parents or guardian. 这张表格须由孩子的家长或监护人签字。
• The press is a guardian of the public weal. 报刊是公共福利的卫护者。

4 actively   

adv.积极地，勤奋地

参考例句：

• During this period all the students were actively participating.在这节课中所有的学生都积极参加。
• We are actively intervening to settle a quarrel.我们正在积极调解争执。

5 circumvent   

vt.环绕，包围；对…用计取胜，智胜

参考例句：

• Military planners tried to circumvent the treaty.军事策略家们企图绕开这一条约。
• Any action I took to circumvent his scheme was justified.我为斗赢他的如意算盘而采取的任何行动都是正当的。

6 banking   

n.银行业，银行学，金融业

参考例句：

• John is launching his son on a career in banking.约翰打算让儿子在银行界谋一个新职位。
• He possesses an extensive knowledge of banking.他具有广博的银行业务知识。

7 pointed   

adj.尖的，直截了当的

参考例句：

• He gave me a very sharp pointed pencil.他给我一支削得非常尖的铅笔。
• She wished to show Mrs.John Dashwood by this pointed invitation to her brother.她想通过对达茨伍德夫人提出直截了当的邀请向她的哥哥表示出来。

8 poked   

v.伸出( poke的过去式和过去分词 )；戳出；拨弄；与（某人）性交

参考例句：

• She poked him in the ribs with her elbow. 她用胳膊肘顶他的肋部。
• His elbow poked out through his torn shirt sleeve. 他的胳膊从衬衫的破袖子中露了出来。 来自《简明英汉词典》

9 maker   

n.制造者，制造商

参考例句：

• He is a trouble maker，You must be distant with him.他是个捣蛋鬼，你不要跟他在一起。
• A cabinet maker must be a master craftsman.家具木工必须是技艺高超的手艺人。

10 embed   

vt.把…嵌(埋、插)入，扎牢；使深留脑中

参考例句：

• The harpoon struck but did not embed.鱼叉击中了但并没有插入。
• This photo showed us how did the root of plant embed the soil deeply.这张照片显示植物的根是如何深入到土壤里去的。

11 scramble   

v.爬行，攀爬，杂乱蔓延，碎片，片段，废料

参考例句：

• He broke his leg in his scramble down the wall.他爬墙摔断了腿。
• It was a long scramble to the top of the hill.到山顶须要爬登一段长路。

12 decided   

adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的

参考例句：

• This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
• There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。

13 justification   

n.正当的理由；辩解的理由

参考例句：

• There's no justification for dividing the company into smaller units. 没有理由把公司划分成小单位。
• In the young there is a justification for this feeling. 在年轻人中有这种感觉是有理由的。

14 enigma   

n.谜，谜一样的人或事

参考例句：

• I've known him for many years,but he remains something of an enigma to me.我与他相识多年，他仍然难以捉摸。
• Even after all the testimonies,the murder remained a enigma.即使听完了所有的证词，这件谋杀案仍然是一个谜。

15 influential   

adj.有影响的，有权势的

参考例句：

• He always tries to get in with the most influential people.他总是试图巴结最有影响的人物。
• He is a very influential man in the government.他在政府中是个很有影响的人物。

16 coerced   

v.迫使做( coerce的过去式和过去分词 )；强迫；（以武力、惩罚、威胁等手段）控制；支配

参考例句：

• They were coerced into negotiating a settlement. 他们被迫通过谈判解决。
• He was coerced into making a confession. 他被迫招供。 来自《简明英汉词典》

17 partnerships   

n.伙伴关系( partnership的名词复数 )；合伙人身份；合作关系

参考例句：

• Partnerships suffer another major disadvantage: decision-making is shared. 合伙企业的另一主要缺点是决定要由大家来作。 来自英汉非文学 - 政府文件
• It involved selling off limited partnerships. 它涉及到售出有限的合伙权。 来自辞典例句

18 insinuate   

vt.含沙射影地说，暗示

参考例句：

• He tried to insinuate himself into the boss's favor.他设法巧妙地渐渐取得老板的欢心。
• It seems to me you insinuate things about her.我觉得你讲起她来，总有些弦外之音。

19 spoke   

n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说

参考例句：

• They sourced the spoke nuts from our company.他们的轮辐螺帽是从我们公司获得的。
• The spokes of a wheel are the bars that connect the outer ring to the centre.辐条是轮子上连接外圈与中心的条棒。

20 accusations   

n.指责( accusation的名词复数 )；指控；控告；（被告发、控告的）罪名

参考例句：

• There were accusations of plagiarism. 曾有过关于剽窃的指控。
• He remained unruffled by their accusations. 对于他们的指控他处之泰然。

21 essentially   

adv.本质上，实质上，基本上

参考例句：

• Really great men are essentially modest.真正的伟人大都很谦虚。
• She is an essentially selfish person.她本质上是个自私自利的人。

22 bind   

vt.捆，包扎；装订；约束；使凝固；vi.变硬

参考例句：

• I will let the waiter bind up the parcel for you.我让服务生帮你把包裹包起来。
• He wants a shirt that does not bind him.他要一件不使他觉得过紧的衬衫。

23 setback   

n.退步，挫折，挫败

参考例句：

• Since that time there has never been any setback in his career.从那时起他在事业上一直没有遇到周折。
• She views every minor setback as a disaster.她把每个较小的挫折都看成重大灾难。

24 outweighed   

v.在重量上超过( outweigh的过去式和过去分词 )；在重要性或价值方面超过

参考例句：

• This boxer outweighed by his opponent 20 pounds. 这个拳击选手体重比他的对手重20磅。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• She outweighed me by ten pounds, and sometimes she knocked me down. 她的体重超过我十磅，有时竟把我撞倒。 来自百科语句

25 frustrated   

adj.挫败的，失意的，泄气的v.使不成功( frustrate的过去式和过去分词 )；挫败；使受挫折；令人沮丧

参考例句：

• It's very easy to get frustrated in this job. 这个工作很容易令人懊恼。
• The bad weather frustrated all our hopes of going out. 恶劣的天气破坏了我们出行的愿望。 来自《简明英汉词典》

26 breached   

攻破( breach的现在分词 )； 破坏，违反

参考例句：

• These commitments have already been breached. 这些承诺已遭背弃。
• Our tanks have breached the enemy defences. 我方坦克车突破了敌人的防线。