万物简史 第70期:事物的测定(18)

 Soon afterward¹, Maskelyne returned to England where he became astronomer² royal, and Mason and Dixon—now evidently more seasoned—set off for four long and often perilous³ years surveying their way through 244 miles of dangerous American wilderness⁴ to settle a boundary dispute between the estates of William Penn and Lord Baltimore and their respective colonies of Pennsylvania and Maryland.

此后不久，马斯基林回到英国，成为皇家天文学家，而梅森和狄克逊--这时候显然更加成熟--启程前往美洲，度过漫长而时常是险象环生的4年。他们穿越393公里危险的荒原，一路上搞测量工作，以解决威廉·佩恩和巴尔的摩勋爵两人地产之间的以及他们各自殖民地--宾夕法尼亚和马里兰--之间的边界纠纷。

The result was the famous Mason and Dixon line, which later took on symbolic⁵ importance as the dividing line between the slave and free states. (Although the line was their principal task, they also contributed several astronomical⁶ surveys, including one of the century's most accurate measurements of a degree of meridian—an achievement that brought them far more acclaim⁷ in England than the settling of a boundary dispute between spoiled aristocrats⁸.)结果就是那条著名的梅森-狄克逊线。后来，这条线象征性地被看做是美国奴隶州和自由州之间的分界线。（这条线是他们的主要任务，但他们还进行了几次天文观测。其中有一次，他们对1度经线的长度作了当时那个世纪最精确的测量。由于这项成就，他们在英国赢得了比解决两位被宠坏了的贵族之间的边界纠纷高得多的赞扬。）Back in Europe, Maskelyne and his counterparts in Germany and France were forced to the conclusion that the transit⁹ measurements of 1761 were essentially¹⁰ a failure. One of the problems, ironically, was that there were too many observations, which when brought together often proved contradictory¹¹ and impossible to resolve.

回到欧洲以后，马斯基林与他的德国和法国同行不得不下结论，1761年的凌日观测工作基本失败。具有讽刺意味的是，问题之一在于观测的次数太多。把观测结果放在一起，往往证明互相矛盾，无法统一。

The successful charting of a Venusian transit fell instead to a little-known Yorkshire-born sea captain named James Cook, who watched the 1769 transit from a sunny hilltop in Tahiti, and then went on to chart and claim Australia for the British crown. Upon his return there was now enough information for the French astronomer Joseph Lalande to calculate that the mean distance from the Earth to the Sun was a little over 150 million kilometers. (Two further transits¹² in the nineteenth century allowed astronomers¹³ to put the figure at 149.59 million kilometers, where it has remained ever since. The precise distance, we now know, is 149.597870691 million kilometers.) The Earth at last had a position in space.

成功绘制金星凌日图的却是一位不知名的约克郡出生的船长，名叫詹姆斯·库克。他在塔希提岛一个阳光普照的山顶上观看了1769年的凌日现象，接着又绘制了澳大利亚的地图，宣布它为英国皇家殖民地。他一回到国内，就听说法国天文学家约瑟夫·拉朗德已经计算出，地球到太阳的平均距离略略超过1.5亿公里。（19世纪又发生两次凌日现象，天文学由此得出的距离是1.4959亿公里，这个数字一直保持到现在。我们现在知道，确切的距离应该是1.495 978 706 91亿公里。）地球在太空中终于有了个方位。

 

1 afterward   

adv.后来；以后

参考例句：

• Let's go to the theatre first and eat afterward. 让我们先去看戏，然后吃饭。
• Afterward,the boy became a very famous artist.后来，这男孩成为一个很有名的艺术家。

2 astronomer   

n.天文学家

参考例句：

• A new star attracted the notice of the astronomer.新发现的一颗星引起了那位天文学家的注意。
• He is reputed to have been a good astronomer.他以一个优秀的天文学者闻名于世。

3 perilous   

adj.危险的，冒险的

参考例句：

• The journey through the jungle was perilous.穿过丛林的旅行充满了危险。
• We have been carried in safety through a perilous crisis.历经一连串危机，我们如今已安然无恙。

4 wilderness   

n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠

参考例句：

• She drove the herd of cattle through the wilderness.她赶着牛群穿过荒野。
• Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means.荒凉地区的教育不是钱财问题。

5 symbolic   

adj.象征性的，符号的，象征主义的

参考例句：

• It is symbolic of the fighting spirit of modern womanhood.它象征着现代妇女的战斗精神。
• The Christian ceremony of baptism is a symbolic act.基督教的洗礼仪式是一种象征性的做法。

6 astronomical   

adj.天文学的，（数字）极大的

参考例句：

• He was an expert on ancient Chinese astronomical literature.他是研究中国古代天文学文献的专家。
• Houses in the village are selling for astronomical prices.乡村的房价正在飙升。

7 acclaim   

v.向…欢呼，公认；n.欢呼，喝彩，称赞

参考例句：

• He was welcomed with great acclaim.他受到十分热烈的欢迎。
• His achievements earned him the acclaim of the scientific community.他的成就赢得了科学界的赞誉。

8 aristocrats   

n.贵族( aristocrat的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Many aristocrats were killed in the French Revolution. 许多贵族在法国大革命中被处死。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• To the Guillotine all aristocrats! 把全部贵族都送上断头台！ 来自英汉文学 - 双城记

9 transit   

n.经过，运输；vt.穿越，旋转；vi.越过

参考例句：

• His luggage was lost in transit.他的行李在运送中丢失。
• The canal can transit a total of 50 ships daily.这条运河每天能通过50条船。

10 essentially   

adv.本质上，实质上，基本上

参考例句：

• Really great men are essentially modest.真正的伟人大都很谦虚。
• She is an essentially selfish person.她本质上是个自私自利的人。

11 contradictory   

adj.反驳的，反对的，抗辩的；n.正反对，矛盾对立

参考例句：

• The argument is internally contradictory.论据本身自相矛盾。
• What he said was self-contradictory.他讲话前后不符。

12 transits   

通过（transit的复数形式）

参考例句：

• The anomalistic year is the time between successive transits of the Earth through the perihelion. 近点年是地球连续两次通过近日点之间的时间。
• Paradigm study gradually transits to exemplification study in civil society theory. 当前我国的市民社会理论正逐步从范式研究转向范例研究。

13 astronomers   

n.天文学者，天文学家( astronomer的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Astronomers can accurately foretell the date,time,and length of future eclipses. 天文学家能精确地预告未来日食月食的日期、时刻和时长。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Astronomers used to ask why only Saturn has rings. 天文学家们过去一直感到奇怪，为什么只有土星有光环。 来自《简明英汉词典》