名人认知系列 哲学思想家7：Rene Descartes 勒内·笛卡儿

Rene Descartes

勒内·笛卡儿

Rene Descartes was a French philosopher and writer who spent most of his adult life in the Dutch Republic. He has been dubbed¹ the “Father of Modem² Philosophy”，and much subsequent Western philosophy is a response to his writings, which are studied closely to this day. In particular, his Meditations³ on First Philosophy continues to be a standard text at most university philosophy departments. Descartes’ influence in mathematics is equally apparent. He is credited as the father of analytical⁴ geometry, the bridge between algebra⁵ and geometry. Descartes was also one of the key figures in the Scientific Revolution.

勒内·笛卡儿是一名法国哲学家，成年后大部分时间却住在荷兰。他被认为是现代西方哲学的奠基人，在他之后的西方哲学相当一部分是对他的作品和思想的回应。他的著作在今天仍受到广大学者的仔细研究。尤其是他的《第一哲学沉思集》一直是众多大学哲学系的标准教材。 笛卡儿在数学上的影响也同样显著，他还被称为“解析几何之父”。笛卡儿也是科学革命中的主要人物。

Descartes was born in La Haye en Touraine (now Descartes), Indre-et-Loire, France. When he was one year old, his mother died. His father was a member in the provincial⁶ parliament. At the age of eight, he entered the Jesuit College Royal Henry-Le-Grand at La Fleche. After graduation, he studied at the University of Poitiers, earning a Baccalaureat and Licence in law in 1616，in accordance with his father’s wishes that he should become a lawyer.

笛卡儿生于法国安德尔-卢瓦尔省的图赖讷（现笛卡尔，因笛卡儿得名）。他一岁多时母亲就去世了。他父亲是省议会的议员。8岁时笛卡儿就进入拉夫赖士（La Fle che)的耶稣会学校接受教育，毕业后到普瓦捷大学学习法律，1616年毕血，如父亲所愿，获得中学毕业证书及法律执业资格。

He spent most of his youth traveling, visiting courts and armies, mixing with people of diverse temperaments⁷ and ranks, gathering⁸ various experiences. Despite frequent moves he wrote all his major work during his 20 plus years in the Netherlands, where he managed to revolutionize mathematics and philosophy. In 1633, Galileo was condemned⁹ by the Roman Catholic Church, and Descartes abandoned plans to publish Treatise¹⁰ on the World, his work of the previous four years. Nevertheless, in 1637 he published part of this work in three essays: Les Meteores (The Meteors), La Dioptrique (Dioptrics) and La Geometrie (Geometry), preceded by an introduction, his famous Discours de la Metode (Discourse on the Method).

笛卡儿年轻时花费了大量时间游历各方，参观王宫和军队，与各种性格和阶层的人们交往，积攒不同的经历。尽管经常迁移，他的主要作品仍然是在他20多岁时在荷兰完成的，他试图掀起一场数学和哲学的革命。 1633年，迦利略被罗马天主教会控告有罪，使笛卡儿放弃了出版《世界》，这是他前四年的心血的结晶。然而, 在1637年，他将这本书中的部分内容发表在三篇小散文中：《折光学》、《气象学》和《几何学》，书的序言就是他著名的《方法论》。

Descartes continued to publish works concerning both mathematics and philosophy for the rest of his life. He died on 11 February 1650 in Stockholm, Sweden, where he had been invited as a tutor for Queen Christina of Sweden. The cause of death was said to be pneumonia¹¹ — he may have suffered a detrimental¹² effect on his health due to Christina’s demands for early morning study. The lack of sleep could have
severely¹³ compromised his immune system.

笛卡儿余生里继续出版关于数学和哲学的著作。他于1650年2月11日在瑞典斯德哥尔摩逝世，之前他受瑞典女王邀请来到瑞典，为克里斯蒂娜皇后当老师。据说他感染了肺炎，可能是因为克里斯蒂娜要求早起学习，长期的缺乏睡眠严重影响了他的免疫系统，给他的健康带来了慢性损害。

1 dubbed   

v.给…起绰号( dub的过去式和过去分词 )；把…称为；配音；复制

参考例句：

• Mathematics was once dubbed the handmaiden of the sciences. 数学曾一度被视为各门科学的基础。
• Is the movie dubbed or does it have subtitles? 这部电影是配音的还是打字幕的？ 来自《简明英汉词典》

2 modem   

n.调制解调器

参考例句：

• Does your computer have a modem?你的电脑有调制解调器吗？
• Provides a connection to your computer via a modem.通过调制解调器连接到计算机上。

3 meditations   

默想( meditation的名词复数 )； 默念； 沉思； 冥想

参考例句：

• Each sentence seems a quarry of rich meditations. 每一句话似乎都给人以许多冥思默想。
• I'm sorry to interrupt your meditations. 我很抱歉，打断你思考问题了。

4 analytical   

adj.分析的；用分析法的

参考例句：

• I have an analytical approach to every survey.对每项调查我都采用分析方法。
• As a result,analytical data obtained by analysts were often in disagreement.结果各个分析家所得的分析数据常常不一致。

5 algebra   

n.代数学

参考例句：

• He was not good at algebra in middle school.他中学时不擅长代数。
• The boy can't figure out the algebra problems.这个男孩做不出这道代数题。

6 provincial   

adj.省的，地方的；n．外省人，乡下人

参考例句：

• City dwellers think country folk have provincial attitudes.城里人以为乡下人思想迂腐。
• Two leading cadres came down from the provincial capital yesterday.昨天从省里下来了两位领导干部。

7 temperaments   

性格( temperament的名词复数 )； （人或动物的）气质； 易冲动； （性情）暴躁

参考例句：

• The two brothers have exactly opposite temperaments: one likes to be active while the other tends to be quiet and keep to himself. 他们弟兄两个脾气正好相反， 一个爱动，一个好静。
• For some temperaments work is a remedy for all afflictions. 对于某些人来说，工作是医治悲伤的良药。

8 gathering   

n.集会，聚会，聚集

参考例句：

• He called on Mr. White to speak at the gathering.他请怀特先生在集会上讲话。
• He is on the wing gathering material for his novels.他正忙于为他的小说收集资料。

9 condemned   

adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词

参考例句：

• He condemned the hypocrisy of those politicians who do one thing and say another. 他谴责了那些说一套做一套的政客的虚伪。
• The policy has been condemned as a regressive step. 这项政策被认为是一种倒退而受到谴责。

10 treatise   

n.专著；(专题)论文

参考例句：

• The doctor wrote a treatise on alcoholism.那位医生写了一篇关于酗酒问题的论文。
• This is not a treatise on statistical theory.这不是一篇有关统计理论的论文。

11 pneumonia   

n.肺炎

参考例句：

• Cage was struck with pneumonia in her youth.凯奇年轻时得过肺炎。
• Pneumonia carried him off last week.肺炎上星期夺去了他的生命。

12 detrimental   

adj.损害的，造成伤害的

参考例句：

• We know that heat treatment is detrimental to milk.我们知道加热对牛奶是不利的。
• He wouldn't accept that smoking was detrimental to health.他不相信吸烟有害健康。

13 severely   

adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地

参考例句：

• He was severely criticized and removed from his post.他受到了严厉的批评并且被撤了职。
• He is severely put down for his careless work.他因工作上的粗心大意而受到了严厉的批评。