西方会计英语Unit seven Sources and applications of fun

[00:04.78]text 7.1      Funds inflow and outfl
[00:10.27]Sources and uses of fun
[00:12.77]The sources and uses of funds can be set out as follow
[00:16.30](a)  funds generated by trading operations, cash received from sales net of cash paid out for expenses ( the term cash flow is sometimes given to this amount
[00:28.94](b) funds injected into the business on a long-term basis;issues of shares plus any premium¹ received on issue,debentures² and other long-term loan
[00:41.40](c) funds released from long-term applications for use elsewhere in the business;sales of fixed³  assets such as land,buildings ,plant and vehicles;loans to subsidiary companies repaid by the
[00:56.01](d) funds lent to the business on a short-term basis; trade creditors;bank loans and overdrafts;amounts payable⁵ to the Inland Revenue;bills of exchange payabl
[01:08.73]Uses:(a) funds lost in trading operations,i.e.when the payment of expenses exceeds receipts from sale
[01:18.71](b)  funds used to acquire permanent assets such as land,buildings ,plant,vehicles, fixtures  and fittings and long-term investment
[01:27.90](c) funds paid away outside the business to repay debentures and loan stock,or to redeem⁶ share capita
[01:35.56](d)funds invested outside the business in loans made to subsidiary companie
[01:41.98](e) funds used to acquire assets of a short_term nature,stocks of material,work in progress and finished goods;
[01:50.60]trade credit allowed to debtors⁸ who have not yet paid for goods sold to them;
[01:55.02]short-them investments as a temporary repository of idle funds;bills of exchange receivable.
[02:02.12]Note that already with this simple analysis shown above items concerning funds moved into and out of the business on a long-term basis are being mixed in with short-term movement
[02:13.22]and source and applicatioin of funds from changes in the asset structur
[02:17.93]The funds generated by trading operations can be computed⁹ as in sources (a) above
[02:24.85]but an alternative method of calculating the same figure is to take the net profit before tax and add back all non-cash costs that have been deducted¹⁰ in the profit calculatio
[02:35.92]A good example of a cost which has not caused an outflow of cash during the year is depreciation¹¹,because it is a means of spreading over a period of years the cash spent when a fixed asset was originally purchase
[02:49.43]The term cash flow is often used for net profit plus depreciation and any other non-cash costs identified during the yea
[02:58.00]If sources exceed uses there will be a balance of cash representing funds provided but not yet put to use in the busines
[03:06.17]The capital employed in figure 1 acts as a reservoir into which funds flow from four major stream
[03:13.80]The funds are then tapped off as a result of managerial decisions to irrigate¹² the five fields shown ,and any funds remaining in the reservoir will be represented by the bank balanc
[03:24.98]If ,however,uses exceed sources, the reservoir will run dry and ,unless extra short-term credit can be arranged at short notic
[03:34.47]some of the users will not receive all the funds they need and the business will suffer as a resul
[03:39.98]Funds ,like water, can run in different directings, so funds from any source can be used to finance any use
[03:47.40]although it is imprudent to use short-term funds to acquire fixed assets, unless long-term funds will be raised to cover the position quickl
[03:56.04]Circumstances such as these would be highlighted in a funds flow statemen
[04:00.56]Funds flow stateme
[04:02.21]This statement has several alternative name
[04:05.08]Some accountants refer to it as a movement of funds statement,while to others it is source and application of funds statemen
[04:14.07]When projected forward from a recent balance sheet to a budgeted position is sometimes called a long-term cash budge¹³
[04:21.90]There are, of course, alternative forms of statement which express the flow of fund
[04:26.53]The statement is computed by finding the differences between the opening and closing balance sheets and arranging them in groups as illustrated¹⁴ in figure
[04:36.11]For example ,if the stock figure in the earlier balance sheet is deducted from stock in the later balance shee
[04:42.70]the extent of investment or disinvestment in stocks can be ascertaine
[04:47.22]The basic rule is that if an asset has increased during a period,this is an application of fund
[04:53.25]Whereas if an asset is reduced, this is counted as a source, since funds have been withdrawn¹⁵ from that asset for use in some other wa
[05:00.96]If a liability has increased, more funds have been loaned to the business and this is a source,but if a liability is reduced,funds have been applied¹⁶ to repay the liabilit
[05:12.27]The statement shows more than just the extra funds used during the year; it is extended to show changes in the way in which the funds are use
[05:21.44]Text 7.2     Preparing the source and application of funds stateme
[05:27.44]Heading
[05:28.78]Not all of expense charged to the profit and loss account will be represented by a cash outflow of fund
[05:36.43]For instance, any amount charged for depreciation or reduction in goodwill¹⁷ will not have involved the business in reducing its cash resource
[05:46.10]These payments are really a use or appropriation¹⁸ of profit and so the amount set aside must be added back to the profit before ta
[05:54.12]Similarly, certain items credited to the profit and loss account ,such as an overprovision for bad debts or a reduction in depreciatio
[06:03.00]will not have been represented by a cash inflow into the busines
[06:06.94]If this has been the case, the amount credited to the profit and loss account must be deducted from the retained profit figure because it does not represent a cash inflo
[06:16.95]Heading
[06:18.31]Sometimes when fixed term debt is sold or redeemed¹⁹, the amount of cash received or parted with may be more(premium) or less (discount) than the loan stock's nominal²⁰ valu
[06:31.99]In either case the amount paid or received should be shown in the source and application of funds statement and a check should then be mad
[06:40.35]by referring to the nominal value of the loan stock in the balance sheet, to see whether a premium or discount has been incurred²¹ on its issue or redemptio
[06:49.47]Heading
[06:50.96]The business may have sold surplus fixed assets during the yea
[06:55.45]The sale price is unlikely to be the same as the assets'net book value as shown in the balance sheet.so the firm will have made either a profit or loss on the sal
[07:05.56]These profits or losses will have then been transferred to the firm's profit and loss accoun
[07:11.83]When preparing a source and application of funds statement, the profit from the sale should be deducted from the retained profit figure and any loss should be added to i
[07:21.50]The amount of money received from the sale must then be shown as a source of fund
[07:26.17]By doing this the statement will show the cash received from the sale and the profit made from tradin
[07:32.34]Heading
[07:33.80]Dividend²² and tax payments are always made in the following financial year (except for interim²³ dividend
[07:41.58]Any opening balance for dividends²⁴ or taxation²⁵ in the opening balance sheet will be shown as an application in the source and application of funds statemen
[07:50.94]for it will have been paid during the last financial year, thereby²⁶ reducing the firm's cash resource
[07:57.86]Similarly ,any proposed dividend or tax owing in the closing  balance sheet will not yet have been paid and so the amount will be added back to the before tax profit figur
[08:09.95]When these adjustments have been made ,the sources and applications of funds should be equa
[08:16.93]The next step is to distinguish between long and short terms sources of fund
[08:21.97]A source and application of funds statement follows the same principles as a balance shee
[08:27.72]and so anything which is not part of the current assets and current liabilities must be regarded as either a long term source or application of fund
[08:36.62]Heading
[08:38.32]The statement shows that during the year the firm's long term sources of funds were $ 96,000,of which $ 46,000 was generated by the firm,and the balance was received by an increase in share capita
[08:53.13]These funds were used to purchase additional fixed assets which, in total, cost $80,000,leaving a surplus of $ 16,00
[09:02.96]During the year the business has seen a deterioration²⁷ in its liquidity²⁸ positio
[09:08.44]At the year end more money has been invested in stock and the firm is owed more money from its debtor⁷
[09:14.79]In order to be able to finance trading the bank account has become overdrawn²⁹ and there has been an increase in creditor⁴
[09:21.97]The increase in stocks and debtors has led to the deterioration in liquidity and, in the coming year
[09:28.14]stocks and debtors must be more effectively managed, releasing cash which can be used to repay the bank overdraft and the creditor

1 premium   

n.加付款；赠品；adj.高级的；售价高的

参考例句：

• You have to pay a premium for express delivery.寄快递你得付额外费用。
• Fresh water was at a premium after the reservoir was contaminated.在水库被污染之后，清水便因稀而贵了。

2 debentures   

n.公司债券( debenture的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• My money is invested in debentures. 我把钱用于买债券。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• Owners of debentures do not have voting rights. 信用债券的所有人没有选择权。 来自辞典例句

3 fixed   

adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的

参考例句：

• Have you two fixed on a date for the wedding yet?你们俩选定婚期了吗？
• Once the aim is fixed,we should not change it arbitrarily.目标一旦确定，我们就不应该随意改变。

4 creditor   

n.债仅人，债主，贷方

参考例句：

• The boss assigned his car to his creditor.那工头把自己的小汽车让与了债权人。
• I had to run away from my creditor whom I made a usurious loan.我借了高利贷不得不四处躲债。

5 payable   

adj.可付的，应付的，有利益的

参考例句：

• This check is payable on demand.这是一张见票即付的支票。
• No tax is payable on these earnings.这些收入不须交税。

6 redeem   

v.买回，赎回，挽回，恢复，履行（诺言等）

参考例句：

• He had no way to redeem his furniture out of pawn.他无法赎回典当的家具。
• The eyes redeem the face from ugliness.这双眼睛弥补了他其貌不扬之缺陷。

7 debtor   

n.借方，债务人

参考例句：

• He crowded the debtor for payment.他催逼负债人还债。
• The court granted me a lien on my debtor's property.法庭授予我对我债务人财产的留置权。

8 debtors   

n.债务人，借方( debtor的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Creditors could obtain a writ for the arrest of their debtors. 债权人可以获得逮捕债务人的令状。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Never in a debtors' prison? 从没有因债务坐过牢么？ 来自英汉文学 - 双城记

9 computed   

adj.[医]计算的，使用计算机的v.计算，估算( compute的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• He computed that the project would take seven years to complete. 他估计这项计划要花七年才能完成。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Resolving kernels and standard errors can also be computed for each block. 还可以计算每个块体的分辨核和标准误差。 来自辞典例句

10 deducted   

v.扣除，减去( deduct的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• The cost of your uniform will be deducted from your wages. 制服费将从你的工资中扣除。
• The cost of the breakages will be deducted from your pay. 损坏东西的费用将从你的工资中扣除。 来自《简明英汉词典》

11 depreciation   

n.价值低落，贬值，蔑视，贬低

参考例句：

• She can't bear the depreciation of the enemy.她受不了敌人的蹂躏。
• They wrote off 500 for depreciation of machinery.他们注销了500镑作为机器折旧费。

12 irrigate   

vt.灌溉，修水利，冲洗伤口，使潮湿

参考例句：

• The farmer dug several trenches to irrigate the rice fields.这个农民挖了好几条沟以灌溉稻田。
• They have built canals to irrigate the desert.他们建造成水渠以灌溉沙漠。

13 budge   

v.移动一点儿；改变立场

参考例句：

• We tried to lift the rock but it wouldn't budge.我们试图把大石头抬起来，但它连动都没动一下。
• She wouldn't budge on the issue.她在这个问题上不肯让步。

14 illustrated   

adj. 有插图的，列举的 动词illustrate的过去式和过去分词

参考例句：

• His lecture was illustrated with slides taken during the expedition. 他在讲演中使用了探险时拍摄到的幻灯片。
• The manufacturing Methods: Will be illustrated in the next chapter. 制作方法将在下一章说明。

15 withdrawn   

vt.收回；使退出；vi.撤退，退出

参考例句：

• Our force has been withdrawn from the danger area.我们的军队已从危险地区撤出。
• All foreign troops should be withdrawn to their own countries.一切外国军队都应撤回本国去。

16 applied   

adj.应用的；v.应用，适用

参考例句：

• She plans to take a course in applied linguistics.她打算学习应用语言学课程。
• This cream is best applied to the face at night.这种乳霜最好晚上擦脸用。

17 goodwill   

n.善意，亲善，信誉，声誉

参考例句：

• His heart is full of goodwill to all men.他心里对所有人都充满着爱心。
• We paid ￡10,000 for the shop,and ￡2000 for its goodwill.我们用一万英镑买下了这家商店，两千英镑买下了它的信誉。

18 appropriation   

n.拨款，批准支出

参考例句：

• Our government made an appropriation for the project.我们的政府为那个工程拨出一笔款项。
• The council could note an annual appropriation for this service.议会可以为这项服务表决给他一笔常年经费。

19 redeemed   

adj. 可赎回的，可救赎的 动词redeem的过去式和过去分词形式

参考例句：

• She has redeemed her pawned jewellery. 她赎回了当掉的珠宝。
• He redeemed his watch from the pawnbroker's. 他从当铺赎回手表。

20 nominal   

adj.名义上的；(金额、租金)微不足道的

参考例句：

• The king was only the nominal head of the state. 国王只是这个国家名义上的元首。
• The charge of the box lunch was nominal.午餐盒饭收费很少。

21 incurred   

[医]招致的，遭受的； incur的过去式

参考例句：

• She had incurred the wrath of her father by marrying without his consent 她未经父亲同意就结婚，使父亲震怒。
• We will reimburse any expenses incurred. 我们将付还所有相关费用。

22 dividend   

n.红利，股息；回报，效益

参考例句：

• The company was forced to pass its dividend.该公司被迫到期不分红。
• The first quarter dividend has been increased by nearly 4 per cent.第一季度的股息增长了近 4%。

23 interim   

adj.暂时的，临时的；n.间歇，过渡期间

参考例句：

• The government is taking interim measures to help those in immediate need.政府正在采取临时措施帮助那些有立即需要的人。
• It may turn out to be an interim technology.这可能只是个过渡技术。

24 dividends   

红利( dividend的名词复数 )； 股息； 被除数； （足球彩票的）彩金

参考例句：

• Nothing pays richer dividends than magnanimity. 没有什么比宽宏大量更能得到厚报。
• Their decision five years ago to computerise the company is now paying dividends. 五年前他们作出的使公司电脑化的决定现在正产生出效益。

25 taxation   

n.征税，税收，税金

参考例句：

• He made a number of simplifications in the taxation system.他在税制上作了一些简化。
• The increase of taxation is an important fiscal policy.增税是一项重要的财政政策。

26 thereby   

adv.因此，从而

参考例句：

• I have never been to that city,,ereby I don't know much about it.我从未去过那座城市，因此对它不怎么熟悉。
• He became a British citizen,thereby gaining the right to vote.他成了英国公民，因而得到了投票权。

27 deterioration   

n.退化；恶化；变坏

参考例句：

• Mental and physical deterioration both occur naturally with age. 随着年龄的增长，心智和体力自然衰退。
• The car's bodywork was already showing signs of deterioration. 这辆车的车身已经显示出了劣化迹象。

28 liquidity   

n.流动性，偿债能力，流动资产

参考例句：

• The bank has progressively increased its liquidity.银行逐渐地增加其流动资产。
• The demand for and the supply of credit is closely linked to changes in liquidity.信用的供求和流动资金的变化有密切关系。

29 overdrawn   

透支( overdraw的过去分词 )； (overdraw的过去分词)

参考例句：

• The characters in this novel are rather overdrawn. 这本小说中的人物描写得有些夸张。
• His account of the bank robbery is somewhat overdrawn. 他对银行抢案的叙述有些夸张。