15篇文章贯通六级词汇Unit08-Part1

[00:15.08]Chinese-American Relations: A History(Ⅰ)
[00:20.23]The Nineteenth Century to World WarⅡ
[00:24.80]The Nineteenth Century
[00:27.87]In the 19th century,
[00:30.93]the United States was
[00:32.46]a relative newcomer to
[00:34.21]the area of international affairs.
[00:36.84]Relations with China really began,
[00:40.44]not so subtly, in the 19th century
[00:43.51]with its discriminatory immigration
[00:46.46]policy against China. The Gold Rush
[00:50.18]of 1849 in California, the building
[00:54.67]of railroads, and the American industrial
[00:56.96]revolution of the second half
[00:59.59]of the 19th century, attracted
[01:01.56]many Chinese immigrants with dreams
[01:04.52]of the good life in America.
[01:07.36]At that time, it was perceived
[01:11.08]by most of the world, that
[01:13.27]America was the land of opportunity,
[01:15.45]success, and wealth.
[01:18.08]As the Chinese population
[01:21.80]in the United States grew in size,
[01:24.76]pressures to limit the number
[01:27.16]of these coming into the United States
[01:29.68]became strong. Laws, such as
[01:33.62]placing a police tax on
[01:35.59]Chinese people in California in 1862
[01:39.30]and The Chinese Exclusion¹ Act passed
[01:42.59]in 1882, officially testified
[01:46.09]to blatant² discrimination against
[01:48.49]Chinese people. The latter felt
[01:52.11]forced to congregate³ in areas
[01:54.51]of big cities, such as San Francisco,
[01:58.01]New York, and Boston. Chinatown
[02:01.95]soon became part of American
[02:04.25]urban vocabulary. It seemed that
[02:07.97]the timid Chinese were susceptible⁴
[02:10.38]to being pushed around. It appeared
[02:14.10]that Chinese and other Oriental immigrants
[02:17.60]were not welcome with open arms,
[02:20.33]but were welcome only when
[02:21.87]hard labour was needed to do
[02:23.94]the toughest jobs, especially
[02:26.13]in railroad construction and
[02:28.65]in the new industries that were
[02:31.05]fast developing at the time.
[02:33.68]It would be well into
[02:35.98]the 20th century before such discriminatory
[02:38.50]laws would be suspended.
[02:42.11]The Early Twentieth Century
[02:45.94]During the second half of
[02:48.89]the 19th century, the United States
[02:51.18]was preoccupied⁵ with a civil war
[02:53.70]and a post civil war
[02:56.11]industrial revolution. American
[02:58.95]foreign policy with China did not
[03:01.91]really take form until 1899
[03:05.30]and 1900. By the turn
[03:08.19]of the century, the United States
[03:10.71]was ascending⁶ as a major player
[03:13.55]in international affairs, especially
[03:16.50]in the western hemisphere.
[03:19.02]American foreign policy, at the time,
[03:22.30]focused mostly on Latin America.
[03:25.36]However, in 1899, the Americans
[03:30.18]saw economic opportunities in
[03:32.58]an already politically suppressed China.
[03:36.20]For decades, European countries
[03:39.37]had been reaping the economic benefits
[03:42.10]by exploiting of the country's resources
[03:45.17]and markets while claiming chunks⁷
[03:47.46]of territory as their own.
[03:49.65]It had become a closed club
[03:52.50]of the countries already established there.
[03:56.22]The United States, fearing that
[04:00.16]China was about to officially partitioned,
[04:03.22]wanted access to those lucrative⁸ assets
[04:06.06]as well. American Secretary of State,
[04:09.78]John Hay, perhaps using some
[04:12.30]Big Stick and gunboat tactics,
[04:14.81]popular American strategies at the time,
[04:17.66]was well positioned to get
[04:19.63]the established foreign nations
[04:21.38]in China to conform to an agreement
[04:24.00]called the Open Door policy for China.
[04:27.29]This benchmark intervention⁹ by
[04:30.68]the United States, conferred on
[04:32.76]all countries, equal and impartial¹⁰ trade
[04:36.04]with all parts of China, while
[04:38.66]preserving the territorial¹¹ and administrative¹²
[04:42.06]integrity of the country.
[04:43.92]The American approach did little
[04:47.42]to respect China's customary opposition¹³
[04:50.48]to foreign intrusion. To China,
[04:53.87]the United States was only
[04:55.62]one more country to bully¹⁴ it,
[04:58.03]to exploit its resources and
[05:00.33]sovereignty and, further, to deny
[05:02.84]it of its autonomy, integrity,
[05:05.91]and dignity. This collective foreign presence,
[05:10.62]boosted by American interests,
[05:13.13]diffused any hope for China
[05:15.65]to break the chains of humiliating
[05:17.83]foreign occupation. The Chinese were
[05:21.66]virtually captives or prisoners
[05:23.74]in their own country.
[05:25.82]The United States did not deviate¹⁵
[05:29.21]far from this economic
[05:31.14]policy toward China, until
[05:33.22]the communist take over in 1949.
 

1 exclusion   

n.拒绝，排除，排斥，远足，远途旅行

参考例句：

• Don't revise a few topics to the exclusion of all others.不要修改少数论题以致排除所有其他的。
• He plays golf to the exclusion of all other sports.他专打高尔夫球，其他运动一概不参加。

2 blatant   

adj.厚颜无耻的；显眼的；炫耀的

参考例句：

• I cannot believe that so blatant a comedy can hoodwink anybody.我无法相信这么显眼的一出喜剧能够欺骗谁。
• His treatment of his secretary was a blatant example of managerial arrogance.他管理的傲慢作风在他对待秘书的态度上表露无遗。

3 congregate   

v.(使)集合，聚集

参考例句：

• Now they can offer a digital place for their readers to congregate and talk.现在他们可以为读者提供一个数字化空间，让读者可以聚集和交谈。
• This is a place where swans congregate.这是个天鹅聚集地。

4 susceptible   

adj.过敏的，敏感的；易动感情的，易受感动的

参考例句：

• Children are more susceptible than adults.孩子比成人易受感动。
• We are all susceptible to advertising.我们都易受广告的影响。

5 preoccupied   

adj.全神贯注的，入神的；被抢先占有的；心事重重的v.占据（某人）思想，使对…全神贯注，使专心于( preoccupy的过去式)

参考例句：

• He was too preoccupied with his own thoughts to notice anything wrong. 他只顾想着心事，没注意到有什么不对。
• The question of going to the Mount Tai preoccupied his mind. 去游泰山的问题盘踞在他心头。 来自《简明英汉词典》

6 ascending   

adj.上升的，向上的

参考例句：

• Now draw or trace ten dinosaurs in ascending order of size.现在按照体型由小到大的顺序画出或是临摹出10只恐龙。

7 chunks   

厚厚的一块( chunk的名词复数 )； （某物）相当大的数量或部分

参考例句：

• a tin of pineapple chunks 一罐菠萝块
• Those chunks of meat are rather large—could you chop them up a bIt'smaller? 这些肉块相当大，还能再切小一点吗？

8 lucrative   

adj.赚钱的，可获利的

参考例句：

• He decided to turn his hobby into a lucrative sideline.他决定把自己的爱好变成赚钱的副业。
• It was not a lucrative profession.那是一个没有多少油水的职业。

9 intervention   

n.介入，干涉，干预

参考例句：

• The government's intervention in this dispute will not help.政府对这场争论的干预不会起作用。
• Many people felt he would be hostile to the idea of foreign intervention.许多人觉得他会反对外来干预。

10 impartial   

adj.(in,to)公正的，无偏见的

参考例句：

• He gave an impartial view of the state of affairs in Ireland.他对爱尔兰的事态发表了公正的看法。
• Careers officers offer impartial advice to all pupils.就业指导员向所有学生提供公正无私的建议。

11 territorial   

adj.领土的，领地的

参考例句：

• The country is fighting to preserve its territorial integrity.该国在为保持领土的完整而进行斗争。
• They were not allowed to fish in our territorial waters.不允许他们在我国领海捕鱼。

12 administrative   

adj.行政的，管理的

参考例句：

• The administrative burden must be lifted from local government.必须解除地方政府的行政负担。
• He regarded all these administrative details as beneath his notice.他认为行政管理上的这些琐事都不值一顾。

13 opposition   

n.反对，敌对

参考例句：

• The party leader is facing opposition in his own backyard.该党领袖在自己的党內遇到了反对。
• The police tried to break down the prisoner's opposition.警察设法制住了那个囚犯的反抗。

14 bully   

n.恃强欺弱者，小流氓；vt.威胁，欺侮

参考例句：

• A bully is always a coward.暴汉常是懦夫。
• The boy gave the bully a pelt on the back with a pebble.那男孩用石子掷击小流氓的背脊。

15 deviate   

v.(from)背离，偏离

参考例句：

• Don't deviate from major issues.不要偏离主要问题。
• I will never deviate from what I believe to be right.我绝不背离我自信正确的道路。