托福语法讲解：倒装句

 　　托福语法讲解：倒装句

　　倒装句就是将正常的陈述语序加以变化，主要作用是强调被提前的部分

　　倒装句可分为全部倒装和部分倒装两种：

　　一、全部倒装

　　谓语动词提前至主语之前为全部倒装，如：

　　Out came his guest.

　　On the hill stood a little cottage that contained heaps of hay.

　　There lived an elderly lady whose husband died long ago.

　　二、部分倒装

　　助动词或情态动词提至主语之前，谓语动词位置不变，即为部分倒装，如：

　　Neither could he see through your plan.

　　So little did I know about him that I was easily taken in by his words.

　　Doesn't her invitation appeal to you?

　　第一节 否定词提前倒装

　　否定词用于句首时，句子应进行部分倒装

　　否定词常用的有：

　　Not only…(but also), 　　　　　　　Not until(直到…..才),

　　No sooner….(than)(一…..就)                  Never/ Rarely/Seldom

　　Hardly/Scarcely… (when)                          Few/Little

　　Neither/Nor (也不)　　　　　　　        Nwhere

　　At no time　　　　　　　                  Under no circumstances(决不)

　　On no account        (决不)　　　　　　　In no way

　　其中not only, no sooner, hardly, scarcely 分别和but (also), than, when搭配使用，需注意：后一组词之后的部分不进行倒装，只有否定词之后的部分倒装

　　如：Hardly had I arrived home when it began to rain.

　　Not only was he able to enter the final round of the contest, but he came out first as well.

　　No sooner had I got any chance to speak than the clerk slammed the door in my face.

　　Seldom does he travel about.

　　Under no circumstances should you betray your own country.

　　此类倒装句一般出现在填空题中，需填入的是倒装部分，只要在句首见到上述的词，就应条件反射的想到用倒装句

　　例题：

　　(1)

　　---- was the first fully¹ successful transatlantic cable finally laid.

　　(A) Not until 1866

　　(B) Until 1866, just

　　(C) Until 1866

　　(D) In 1866, not until

　　答案：A

　　解释：由被动式was laid被名词短语分割开可知, 此句是个部分倒装句, 选项中只有A否定词提前可引导倒装句, 1866应是until的宾语, 故D不对; 此句正常语序应为: The first fully successful transatlantic cable was not finally laid until 1866.

　　(2)

　　Not until 1931 ---- the official anthem² of the United States.

　　(A) “The Star-spangled Banner” did become

　　(B) when “The Star-spangled Banner” became

　　(C) did “The Star-spangled Banner” become

　　(D) became “The Star-spangled Banner”

　　答案：C

　　解释：否定词not放在句首引起部分倒装，只有C符合倒装语序

　　第二节 介词、分词词组提前倒装

　　当句子没有宾语，且主语偏长时，往往将句中作状语的介词短语或作表语的形容词短语或作表语的分词短语提至句首，引起主谓的全部倒装

　　如：In the middle of the river floated the cluster of plants that she had cast.

　　Characteristic of an anarchist³ was her strong opposition⁴ to the government, which she had blamed for all the social injustices⁵.

　　Lying on the grassland⁶ is a pretty girl in her early twenties.

　　例题：

　　(1)

　　Typical of the grassland dwellers⁷ of the continent ----, or pronghorn.

　　(A) it is the American antelope⁸

　　(B) the American antelope is

　　(C) is the American antelope

　　(D) the American antelope

　　答案：C

　　解释：此句为形容词短语be typical of作表语前置引起的完全倒装句, 空白处缺少的实为倒装的主语和谓语动词, A B未倒装, 可首先排除; D无动词, 也可排除. 此句正常语序应为: The American antelope, or pronghorn, is typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent.

　　(2)

　　The glaciers⁹ that reached the Pacific Coast were valley glaciers, and between those tongues of ice ----that allowed the original forests to survive.

　　(A) that many sanctuaries¹⁰ were

　　(B) were many sanctuaries

　　(C) were there many sanctuaries

　　(D) there the many sanctuaries

　　答案：B

　　解释：and是并列句的连接词，逗号前是分句一，and后是分句二. 因分句二中between引导的介词短语提前，空格处需要分句二倒装的主谓语，D无谓语，可先排除；A使原句只有从句无主句; C中there是多余的，只能选B

　　第三节 副词提前倒装

　　副词提至句首引起倒装，可分以下几种情况：

　　1. only + 副词(when, before, if, after等)

　　或only+介词状语(由in, under, by, on, after等引导)提前，必须部分倒装

　　如：Only then did he realize how stupid he had been.

　　Only after entering the store did Arthur realize that there was danger.

　　Only in the library can she concentrate on her study.

　　2. often, such, so等副词提前，部分倒装

　　如: So diligently¹¹ did he work that he got hight scores on the final exam.

　　=He worked so diligently that he got hight scores on the final exam.

　　Such was his wish that the world would stay away from war forever.

　　Often did we go on a holiday in hot summer.

　　注意，so的另一种倒装是表示“也…”

　　California relies heavily on income from crops, and so does Florida.

　　加利福尼亚过多的依赖于来自农作物的收入，佛罗里达也是这样

　　同理，体会一下neither, nor的倒装

　　He can't dance, neither/nor can I.= I can't, either.

　　他不会跳舞，我也不会。

　　3. in, out, down, up, away, off, here, there, over等副词提前，全部倒装

　　如：Off got the staggering gentlemen.

　　Here are the photos I took at the seaside.

　　例题：

　　(1)

　　Only outside the Earth's atmosphere ---- to attain¹² extremely high velocities¹³.

　　(A) to be safe for a space vessel¹⁴

　　(B) is it safe for a space vessel

　　(C) for a space vessel to be safe

　　(D) a space vessel to be safe

　　答案：B

　　解释：副词only引导状语放在句首时，句子需要部分倒装，只有B符合题意

　　第四节 疑问倒装

　　疑问句需部分倒装语序，由于经常用到不会成为考试的难点。

　　如：What part did he play in Hamlet?

　　Do you prefer tea or coffee?

　　例题：

　　(1)

　　Of the millions who saw Haley's comet in 1986, how many people----long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century.

　　(A) will they live

　　(B) they will be living

　　(C) will live

　　(D) living

　　答案：C

　　解释：此句是how many 引导的疑问句, 缺少倒装的谓语部分, 但因主语people已出现在句首疑问词之后, 不需要再进行主谓倒装. A B 中的they是people的重复, 没有必要; D 不能单独作谓语

1 fully   

adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地

参考例句：

• The doctor asked me to breathe in,then to breathe out fully.医生让我先吸气，然后全部呼出。
• They soon became fully integrated into the local community.他们很快就完全融入了当地人的圈子。

2 anthem   

n.圣歌，赞美诗，颂歌

参考例句：

• All those present were standing solemnly when the national anthem was played.奏国歌时全场肃立。
• As he stood on the winner's rostrum,he sang the words of the national anthem.他站在冠军领奖台上，唱起了国歌。

3 anarchist   

n.无政府主义者

参考例句：

• You must be an anarchist at heart.你在心底肯定是个无政府主义者。
• I did my best to comfort them and assure them I was not an anarchist.我尽量安抚他们并让它们明白我并不是一个无政府主义者。

4 opposition   

n.反对，敌对

参考例句：

• The party leader is facing opposition in his own backyard.该党领袖在自己的党內遇到了反对。
• The police tried to break down the prisoner's opposition.警察设法制住了那个囚犯的反抗。

5 injustices   

不公平( injustice的名词复数 )； 非正义； 待…不公正； 冤枉

参考例句：

• One who committed many injustices is doomed to failure. 多行不义必自毙。
• He felt confident that his injustices would be righted. 他相信他的冤屈会受到昭雪的。

6 grassland   

n.牧场，草地，草原

参考例句：

• There is a reach of grassland in the distance.远处是连绵一片的草原。
• The snowstorm swept the vast expanse of grassland.暴风雪袭击了辽阔的草原。

7 dwellers   

n.居民，居住者( dweller的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• City dwellers think country folk have provincial attitudes. 城里人以为乡下人思想迂腐。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• They have transformed themselves into permanent city dwellers. 他们已成为永久的城市居民。 来自《简明英汉词典》

8 antelope   

n.羚羊；羚羊皮

参考例句：

• Choosing the antelope shows that China wants a Green Olympics.选择藏羚羊表示中国需要绿色奥运。
• The tiger was dragging the antelope across the field.老虎拖着羚羊穿过原野。

9 glaciers   

冰河，冰川( glacier的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Glaciers gouged out valleys from the hills. 冰川把丘陵地带冲出一条条山谷。
• It has ice and snow glaciers, rainforests and beautiful mountains. 既有冰川，又有雨林和秀丽的山峰。 来自英语晨读30分（高一）

10 sanctuaries   

n.避难所( sanctuary的名词复数 )；庇护；圣所；庇护所

参考例句：

• The designation of special marine reserves and marine sanctuaries shall be subject to the State Council for approval. 海洋特别保护区、海上自然保护区的确定，须经国务院批准。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• After 1965 he acquiesced when they established sanctuaries on that soil. 1965年以后，他默认了他们在那块土地上建立庇护所。 来自辞典例句

11 diligently   

ad.industriously;carefully

参考例句：

• He applied himself diligently to learning French. 他孜孜不倦地学法语。
• He had studied diligently at college. 他在大学里勤奋学习。

12 attain   

vt.达到，获得，完成

参考例句：

• I used the scientific method to attain this end. 我用科学的方法来达到这一目的。
• His painstaking to attain his goal in life is praiseworthy. 他为实现人生目标所下的苦功是值得称赞的。

13 velocities   

n.速度( velocity的名词复数 )；高速，快速

参考例句：

• In experimenting we find out that sound travels with different velocities through different substances. 在实验中，我们发现声音以不同的速度通过不同的物质而传播。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• A gas in thermal equilibrium has particles of all velocities. 处于热平衡的气体，其粒子有一切速度。 来自辞典例句

14 vessel   

n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管

参考例句：

• The vessel is fully loaded with cargo for Shanghai.这艘船满载货物驶往上海。
• You should put the water into a vessel.你应该把水装入容器中。