托福语法讲解：并列句

 　由两个或两个以上互不依从的主谓结构构成的句子称为并列句，各并列分句间用and, but, so, or等连词连接，可以是并列、转折、因果、选择等关系

　　第一节 并列连词

　　一、并列连词

　　1. 最典型的并列连词有：and, but, or, so, yet, for

　　I have studied English for almost 12 years, yet my spoken English is still very poor.

　　I was going to the cinema, but I lost my way.

　　We cann't get there at time for we have been out of gas.

　　2. 固定搭配使用的并列连词：

　　not only…but (also),        not only…but…(as well),          both…and,

　　either…or,                            neither…nor, 　　　　　　　too…to,

　　such(…)as,                          the same….as,                            between…and

　　as well as(注意和副词as well相区别),　　　　　　　(not) so…as

　　as… as, 　　　　　　　not so much A as B(与其说A不如说B)

　　so/such a … that

　　例句：

　　1. The Empire State Building, once America's tallest, is now surpassed¹ by both the Sears Tower in Chicago and the World Trade Center in New York.

　　2. Clocks not only measure and tell time but also serve as decoration in homes and other buildings.

　　3. A jewel is an ornament² fashioned from precious metals or stones, either alone or in combination.

　　4. The boy is too young to lift this box.

　　5. According to psychologists, a person's attentions is attracted not so much by the intensity³ of different signal as by their context⁴, significance and information content.

　　并列连词的固定搭配是改错题的重要考点，因此上述搭配必须浑熟于心，

　　第二节 平行结构

　　平行结构作为考点的出题率奇高，平均每套题中都有2-4道题目，因此必须引起高度重视。平行结构指的就是并列成分，不难理解和掌握。只要形成对and, or等词的敏感，牢记上面的固定搭配使用的并列连词(both…and, as well as 等)，一看到这些词就首先考虑平行结构，无论作填空还是改错都是行之有效的方法。

　　平行结构可能是并列的名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、谓语动词、分词等

　　例题：

　　Lillian D. Wald, public health nurse and ----, was born in Cincinnati Ohio, in 1867.

　　(A) reforming society

　　(B) social reformer

　　(C) who reformed society

　　(D) her social reform

　　答案：B

　　解释：and连接的是主语Lillian D. Wald(人名)的两个并列同位语, public health nurse 是形容人的名词词组, 需填的部分应与其一致, A属分词词组, C属定语从句,D虽是名词词组, 中心词是reform,它们均不符合题意.

　　注意：平行结构连接词所连接的几个单位在结构上，形式上应该尽量一致，比如上题的

　　public health nurse and social reformer, 都是形容词修饰名词。 再如例题6

　　第三节 并列句中的省略

　　并列句中当后面的分句与前面有相同部分时可进行省略，以避免重复，省略时前后要尽量保证结构的平衡

　　如：I major in history and my brother in chemistry.

　　He was eager to win her heart, but didn't know how.

　　TOEFL中有少量题目涉及这一语言现象

　　例题：

　　(1)

　　The photoperiodic response of algae⁵ actually depends on the duration of darkness, ----.

　　(A) the light is not on

　　(B) and not on light

　　(C) but is not on the light

　　(D) is not on light

　　答案：B

　　解释：空格前是句子的主谓语, A, D可先排除；正确的搭配是depend on, 而不是is on, C也有误；B是省略了的并列句，相当于and does not depend on light, 符合语法

　　(2)

　　Nebraska has floods in some years, ----

　　(A) in others drought

　　(B) droughts are others

　　(C) while other droughts

　　(D) others in drought

　　答案：A

　　解释：空格前是完整的主谓句，逗号不能连接句子，故主谓结构B可先排除；C从句少谓语；D语义不明；A是简略的平行结构，相当于and drought in others (other years)

1 surpassed   

v.超过( surpass的过去式和过去分词 )；优于；多于；非…所能办到

参考例句：

• This realization of our dreams surpassed even our wildest expectations. 我们梦想的实现甚至超越了我们最大胆的估计。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Mao's fame surpassed well beyond the limits of China. 毛泽东的名声远远超越了中国国界。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

2 ornament   

v.装饰，美化；n.装饰，装饰物

参考例句：

• The flowers were put on the table for ornament.花放在桌子上做装饰用。
• She wears a crystal ornament on her chest.她的前胸戴了一个水晶饰品。

3 intensity   

n.强烈，剧烈；强度；烈度

参考例句：

• I didn't realize the intensity of people's feelings on this issue.我没有意识到这一问题能引起群情激奋。
• The strike is growing in intensity.罢工日益加剧。

4 context   

n.背景，环境，上下文，语境

参考例句：

• You can always tell the meaning of a word from its context.你常可以从上下文中猜出词义来。
• This sentence does not seem to connect with the context.这个句子似乎与上下文脱节。

5 algae   

n.水藻，海藻

参考例句：

• Most algae live in water.多数藻类生长在水中。
• Algae grow and spread quickly in the lake.湖中水藻滋蔓。