这些经济热词你都懂吗？

 　　Law of Supply & Demand: This is the founding block of economics. Whenever supply of something increases its price decreases and whenever supply decreases price increases. Thus, when you have excess production of corn, food prices decrease and vice¹ versa. Think of this intuitively. You will find its applications in 1000s of places.

　　供求规律：这是经济学的基石。物品供给增长则价格下跌，供应减少则价格上涨。因而谷物产量过剩，食物价格则下降；反之亦然。凭直觉判断，你会发觉这条定律适应于千千万万个地方。

　　Growth rate: The growth of an economy is commonly measured in terms of GDP growth rate. Since GDP is a measure of national income, this growth rate is a rough proxy² for how an average person's income grows every year.

　　增长率：经济体的增长一般是依据国内生产总值增长率来衡量的。国内生产总值衡量国家的收入，所以增长率可以粗略衡量平均每人每年收入增长多少。

　　这些经济热词你都懂吗？

　　Inflation: You already know that the price of most products now are higher than in your grandfather's time. Inflation (measured in percent) is measure of how much a bunch of products have increased in price from last year. In mature economies, annual inflation is around 2% - that means on an average the prices of stuff goes up by 2% every year. The fundamental role of central banks is to manage this rate and keep it to a low positive number.

　　通货膨胀：你知道现在大部分产品的价格比你祖父那时要高得多。通货膨胀（以百分比计）衡量自上一年起众多产品价格的涨幅。成熟的经济体每年的通货膨胀率约为2%——即物品价格平均每年上涨2%。中央银行的基本作用即控制通胀率，确保其增长呈小幅态势。

　　Interest Rates: When you loan money to somebody, you expect something extra in return. This excess is called the interest. Interest rate is a positive number that measures how much excess you will get. In the short term, this rate is usually set by the Central Banks. Right now it is close to zero. In the long term, this is set by the market and is dependent on inflation and the long term prospects³ of the economy. The mechanisms⁴ in which the central banks control the short term rates is called monetary⁵ policy.

　　利率：你借钱给别人时，你便会有额外的期待，这额外的部分就是利息。利率是衡量你额外获益多少的一个正数。从短期来看，利率通常是由央行规定的，现在短期利率接近于0；从长期来看，利率是由市场决定的，取决于通货膨胀和长远的经济前景。央行控制短期利率的机制就叫做货币政策。

　　Interest Rates vs. Inflation vs. growth: There exists almost an inverse⁶ relationship between interest rates & growth and interest rates also can affect inflation directly. Thus, when you increase interest rates inflation tend to come down, along with growth. One is good and other is bad. Thus, the constant tension on setting the interest rates. In the US, Federal Reserve sets the short term rates making it one of the most watched economic news.

　　利率、通货膨胀和增长：利率和增长呈反相关，利率也会直接影响通货膨胀。因此，提高利率时，通货膨胀会趋向缓和，增长也是如此。一方得势，另一方就失势。因此，利率的规定有恒定的张弛。在美国，美联储制定短期利率是最受关注的经济新闻之一。

　　Fiscal⁷ Policy: Government can control the economy in a big way by adjusting its expenditure⁸. The group of mechanisms using expenditure form the fiscal policy. When government spends more it can lead to more demand and that means more price increase. This means both high growth and high inflation. And it works in the reverse too. Thus, governments try to spend more during periods of low growth & low inflation and cut spending during periods of high growth & high inflation.

　　财政政策：政府能够通过调整开支大力控制经济。花销机制形成财政政策。政府支出更多时，则会导致更大需求，即更多价格上涨，这也意味着高增长和高通胀；反之亦然。因此，在低增长和低通胀期间政府就会设法加大开支，而在高增长和高通胀期间政府就会削减开支。

1 vice   

n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的

参考例句：

• He guarded himself against vice.他避免染上坏习惯。
• They are sunk in the depth of vice.他们堕入了罪恶的深渊。

2 proxy   

n.代理权，代表权；（对代理人的）委托书；代理人

参考例句：

• You may appoint a proxy to vote for you.你可以委托他人代你投票。
• We enclose a form of proxy for use at the Annual General Meeting.我们附上委任年度大会代表的表格。

3 prospects   

n.希望，前途(恒为复数)

参考例句：

• There is a mood of pessimism in the company about future job prospects. 公司中有一种对工作前景悲观的情绪。
• They are less sanguine about the company's long-term prospects. 他们对公司的远景不那么乐观。

4 mechanisms   

n.机械( mechanism的名词复数 )；机械装置；[生物学] 机制；机械作用

参考例句：

• The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms. 这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• He explained how the two mechanisms worked. 他解释这两台机械装置是如何工作的。 来自《简明英汉词典》

5 monetary   

adj.货币的，钱的；通货的；金融的；财政的

参考例句：

• The monetary system of some countries used to be based on gold.过去有些国家的货币制度是金本位制的。
• Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means.荒凉地区的教育不是钱财问题。

6 inverse   

adj.相反的，倒转的，反转的；n.相反之物；v.倒转

参考例句：

• Evil is the inverse of good.恶是善的反面。
• When the direct approach failed he tried the inverse.当直接方法失败时，他尝试相反的做法。

7 fiscal   

adj.财政的，会计的，国库的，国库岁入的

参考例句：

• The increase of taxation is an important fiscal policy.增税是一项重要的财政政策。
• The government has two basic strategies of fiscal policy available.政府有两个可行的财政政策基本战略。

8 expenditure   

n.(时间、劳力、金钱等)支出；使用，消耗

参考例句：

• The entry of all expenditure is necessary.有必要把一切开支入账。
• The monthly expenditure of our family is four hundred dollars altogether.我们一家的开销每月共计四百元。