零基础学英语：that & which词汇辨析

 　　Do you sometimes wonder whether to use that or which in a sentence? In many cases, in British English, both words are equally correct.

　　你是不是经常想要弄明白that和which在句中有什么区别?在英式英语中的一些使用场景中，这两个词都是正确的。

　　?She held out the hand which was hurt.

　　?She held out the hand that was hurt.

　　她伸出那只受伤的手。

　　In these sentences, that and which are introducing what’s known as a restrictive relative clause. This is a clause containing essential information about the noun that comes before it. If you leave out this type of clause, the meaning of the sentence is affected¹ –indeed, it will probably not make much sense at all. Restrictive relative clauses can be introduced by that, which, whose, who, or whom.

　　在上面两个句子中，that和which用于连接限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句用于修饰主句中的某个名词性成分。如果去掉限定性定语从句，那么句子的含义将受到影响(如：句子将失去原有的意义)。限定性定语从句可由that，which，who，whom连接。

　　The other type of relative clause is known as a non-restrictive relative clause. This kind of clause contains extra information that could be left out of the sentence without affecting the meaning or structure. Non-restrictive clauses can be introduced by which, whose, who, or whom, but you should never use that to introduce them. For example:

　　另外一种定语从句是非限定性定语从句。非限定性定语从句包含附加的信息，去掉从句部分对主句的含义和结构不构成影响。非限定性定语从句的关系词可以为which，whose，who和whom。但不可以使用that来连接非限定性定语从句，例如：

　　A list of contents would have made it easier to steer² through the book, which also lacks a map.

　　一个目录列表使得概览这本书更容易，但这本书仍然缺少一个示意图。

　　She held out her hand, which Rob shook.

　　她伸出了手，这只手之前被罗伯摇动过。

　　Note that a non-restrictive clause is preceded by a comma (so as to set off the extra information), whereas no comma should precede a restrictive clause (indicating that the information is essential, not extra):

　　注意,非限定性定语从句之前有一个逗号(从而引出附加的信息),而限制性从句前没有逗号(说明从句信息是重要的,且不可以省略):

　　I bought a new dress, which I will be wearing to Jo's party. [non-restrictive]

　　我买了一条新裙子，我将穿着它参加乔的派对。[非限定性定语从句]

　　I was wearing the dress that I bought to wear to Jo's party. [restrictive]

　　我买了一条新裙子并将穿着它参加乔的派对。[限定性定语从句]

1 affected   

adj.不自然的，假装的

参考例句：

• She showed an affected interest in our subject.她假装对我们的课题感到兴趣。
• His manners are affected.他的态度不自然。

2 steer   

vt.驾驶，为…操舵；引导；vi.驾驶

参考例句：

• If you push the car, I'll steer it.如果你来推车，我就来驾车。
• It's no use trying to steer the boy into a course of action that suits you.想说服这孩子按你的方式行事是徒劳的。